Table 1.
List of the reviewed studies.
| Article | Instruments | Pelvic motion | Lumbar motion | Characterization approaches for LPR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paquet et al., 1994 | Electrogoniometer (JS) | hip flexion (L) | Change of the angle between T8 and S1 | Timing: Plot of hip vs. lumbar motion, normalized to their maximum Magnitude: Absolute displacement of the hip and lumbar spine |
| Gracovetsky et al., 1995 | Infrared lightemitting diodes (M) | Rotation of the line normal to the plane made by markers on the iliac crests and sacrum (G) | Rotation of the best fit line through the markers on the thoracolumbar spine | Magnitude: Absolute displacement of the hip and lumbar spine |
| Nelson et al., 1995 | 3-Space Tracker System (SS) | Sacral rotation (G) | Rotation of the best fit line passing through the whole thoracolumbar spine | Timing: Plot of the lumbar and pelvis motion vs. gross trunk motion normalized to their maximum |
| Esola et al., 1996 | Opteoelectric motion analysis system (M) | Rotation of S2 relative to the posterior midline of thigh (L) | Rotation of T12-L1 segment relative to S2 | Magnitude: Lumbar to hip motion ratio for intervals of 0–30, 30–60 and 60–90 degrees & Lumbar to hip motion ratio for each 25% of total duration |
| McClure et al., 1997 | Opteoelectric motion analysis system (M) | Rotation of S2 relative to the posterior midline of thigh (L) | Rotation of T12-L1 segment relative to S2 | Magnitude: Lumbar to hip motion ratio for each 25% of extension |
| Porter & Wilkinson, 1997 | 3-Space Tracker System (SS) | Sacral rotation relative to the lateral femoral condyle (L) | Rotation of T12 relative to the sacrum | Magnitude: Contribution of the lumbar spine and hip to the movement at 15°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° |
| Tully & Stillman, 1997 | Videotape (M) | Rotation of the line from mid-PSIS to ASIS relative to the line from 2/3 Th to LFC (L) | Rotation of T10-T12 segment relative to the line from mid-PSIS to ASIS | Magnitude: Displacement curves of the hip and spine |
| Granata & Sanford, 2000 | Electromagnetic sensors (SS) | Rotation of S1 (G) | Rotation of T12 relative to S1 | Timing: Lumbar vs. pelvic motion plot Magnitude: Lumbar to pelvic motion ratio for intervals of 0–30, 30–60 and 60–90 degrees |
| Lariviere et al., 2000 | Video cameras (M) | Sacral rotation (G) | Rotation of the thoracic vertebrae relative to the sacrum | Timing: Mean, standard deviation and maximum of the continuous relative phase |
| Lee & Wong, 2002 | 3SPACE Fastrak (JS) | Sacral rotation relative to the lateral aspect of the left and right thighs (L) | Rotation of L1 relative to sacrum | Timing: Time lag (maximum cosscorrelation between the lumbar and pelvic velocity curves) Magnitude: Absolute displacement of the hip and lumbar spine |
| Wong & Lee, 2004 | 3SPACE Fastrak (JS) | Sacral rotation relative to the posterior aspect of the left and right thighs (L) | Rotation of L1 relative to sacrum | Timing: Time lag (maximum coss-correlation between the lumbar and pelvic motion velocity curves) Magnitude: Absolute displacement of the hip and lumbar spine |
| Pal et al., 2007 | 3-D Motion Analysis System (M) | Rotation of the line from the mid of ASISs to the mid of PSISs relative to the line from 1/3 thigh to LFE (L) | Rotation of the line between T11 and L1 relative to Line between the two ASISs and PSISs | Timing: Time of initiation of each and time to reach the peak velocity Magnitude: Absolute displacement of the hip and lumbar spine |
| Thomas et al., 2007 | Magnetic based kinematic system (SS) | Sacral rotation relative to the right thigh (L) | Rotation of T1 relative to sacrum | Timing: Movement latencies for the initiation, peak and termination of motion Magnitude: Lumbar to hip motion ratios for the quartiles of movement |
| Milosavljevic et al., 2008 | 3-D Motion Analysis System (M) | Rotation of the line between the two ASISs and PSISs relative To the line from 1/3 thigh to LFE (L) | Rotation of the line between T11 and L1 relative to Line between the two ASISs and PSISs | Timing: Time of initiation of each and time to reach the peak velocity |
| van Wingerden et al., 2008 | Video (M) | Rotation of the line from sacrum to anterior superior iliac spine (G) | Rotation of the line from L1 to 7cm above relative to the line from sacrum to anterior superior iliac spine | Magnitude: Slopes coming from the regression between displacements of the spine and the total trunk displacement in the 1st and 3rd intervals |
| Silfies et al., 2009 | Electromagnetic tracking device (SS) | Rotation of S2 relative to the lateral epicondyle (L) | Rotation of L1 relative to S2 | Timing: Mean absolute relative phase (MARP) and deviation phase (DP) |
| Kim et al. 2013 | 3-D Motion Capture System (M) | Pelvic rotation relative to the femur (L) | Rotation of T12 relative to the pelvis | Magnitude: Absolute displacement of the hip and lumbar spine & Lumbar to hip motion ratios for the quartiles of movement |
| Hasebe et al., 2013 | Video (M) | Sacral rotation (G) | Rotation of L5 relative to L1 | Magnitude: Lumbar to hip motion ratio for three intervals of forward bending |
| Hu et al., 2014 | Magnetic field based motion tracking system (SS) | Rotation of S1 (G) | Rotation of T12 relative to S1 | Timing: Continuous relative phase for each 25% of the trunk motion time |
| Iwasaki et al., 2014 | Electrogoniometers (JS) | Sacral rotation | Rotation of L5 relative to L1 | Timing: Plot of normalized lumbar and pelvic motion vs. the normalized trunk duration of motion |
| Lariviere et al., 2014 | 3D-motion system comprising inertial sensors (SS) | Sacral rotation | Rotation of the thoracic vertebrae relative to the sacrum | Timing: Mean, standard deviation and maximum of the continuous relative phase |
| Phillips et al., 2014 | Motion capture system (M) | Not available | Not available | Magnitude: Lumbar to pelvic motion ratios for the quartiles of movement |
| Tafazzol et al., 2014 | Inertial and magnetic sensors (SS) | Rotation of S1 | Rotation of L1 relative to S1 | Timing: Normalized pelvic vs normalized lumbar motion Magnitude: Lumbar to pelvic motion ratio for each 10% increment of the motion |
| Hu & Ning, 2015 (A) | 3D, magnetic field based motion tracking system (SS) | Rotation of S1 (G) | Rotation of T12 relative to S1 | Timing: Normalized pelvic motion vs normalized lumbar motion Magnitude: Lumbar to pelvic motion ratio for each 10% increment of the motion |
| Hu & Ning, 2015 (B) | 3D, magnetic field based motion tracking system (SS) | Rotation of S1 (G) | Rotation of T12 relative to S1 | Timing: Continuous relative phase for each 25% of the trunk motion time |
| Pries et al., 2015 | Epionics SPINE system (JS) | Sacral rotation (G) | Change in the lumbar lordosis | Magnitude: Lumbar to pelvic motion ratio for each point of the motion & Lumbar to pelvic motion ratio for the early, middle and late stages of motion, as well as the total motion |
| Vazirian et al., Under Review | Magnetic-inertial motion trackers (SS) | Pelvic rotation (G) | Rotation of T10 relative to pelvis | Magnitude: Lumbar to thoracic motion ratio for four quarters of the motion |
Summary of letter under each column is given in the footnote of the table. Instrument column: JS: joint sensor, SS: segment sensor, M: Marker. Pelvic motion column: L: local, G: global