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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 13.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurochem. 2015 Sep 2;135(2):416–430. doi: 10.1111/jnc.13270

Fig. 1. Structures of representative GSPE components.

Fig. 1

GSPE is water-soluble polyphenolic extract from Vitis vinifera grape seeds. GSPE comprises catechin and epicatechins in monomeric (8%), dimeric (75%), and oligomeric (17%) forms. Examples of monomer, dimer, and oligomer structures are shown. The GSPE oligomer shown is composed of four monomer units: catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, and epicatechin gallate. GSPE monomer, dimers, and oligomers likely are structurally heterogeneous.