Table 3.
Generalised linear models results for total healthcare costs†
| <65 years (n=5 004 699) |
≥65 years (n=1 634 390) |
|||
| Coefficient | SE | Coefficient | SE | |
| Intercept | 1.6844*** | 0.0007 | 1.6049*** | 0.0034 |
| Age | 0.0023*** | 0.0001 | 0.0053*** | 0.0001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 0.0628*** | 0.0002 | −0.0023*** | 0.0006 |
| Number of medical conditions | ||||
| One condition | Reference | Reference | ||
| Two conditions | 0.1092*** | 0.0017 | 0.1068*** | 0.0044 |
| Three conditions | 0.2189*** | 0.0027 | 0.1860*** | 0.0045 |
| Four conditions | 0.3312*** | 0.0050 | 0.2563*** | 0.0049 |
| ≥Five conditions | 0.4203*** | 0.0080 | 0.3772*** | 0.0048 |
| Income quintile | ||||
| Lowest | Reference | Reference | ||
| Middle-low | −0.0043*** | 0.0005 | −0.0019* | 0.0010 |
| Middle | −0.0045*** | 0.0005 | 0.00014 | 0.0012 |
| Middle-high | −0.0044*** | 0.0006 | 0.0001 | 0.0012 |
| Highest | −0.0080*** | 0.0006 | −0.0045*** | 0.0013 |
| Deprivation quintile | ||||
| Least deprived | Reference | Reference | ||
| Less deprived | −0.0006* | 0.0004 | −0.0014*** | 0.0008 |
| Somewhat deprived | −0.0008* | 0.0004 | −0.0020** | 0.0009 |
| Very deprived | 0.0022*** | 0.0005 | −0.0009 | 0.0011 |
| Most deprived | 0.0135*** | 0.0006 | 0.0044*** | 0.0013 |
| Instability quintile | ||||
| Least unstable | Reference | Reference | ||
| Less unstable | 0.0039*** | 0.0005 | −0.0019** | 0.0009 |
| Somewhat unstable | 0.0073*** | 0.0005 | −0.0008 | 0.0009 |
| Very unstable | 0.0122*** | 0.0005 | 0.0031*** | 0.0009 |
| Most unstable | 0.0247*** | 0.0005 | 0.0087*** | 0.0010 |
| Ethnic concentration quintile | ||||
| Lowest | Reference | Reference | ||
| Middle-low | 0.0002 | 0.0004 | −0.0005 | 0.0009 |
| Middle | 0.0018*** | 0.0004 | 0.0022 | 0.0009 |
| Middle-high | 0.0047*** | 0.0004 | −0.0007 | 0.0010 |
| Highest | 0.0066*** | 0.0004 | −0.0043*** | 0.0009 |
| Dependency quintile | ||||
| Least dependent | Reference | Reference | ||
| Less dependent | 0.0004 | 0.0004 | 0.0012** | 0.0005 |
| Somewhat dependent | 0.0001 | 0.0004 | 0.0027*** | 0.0005 |
| Very dependent | 0.0009** | 0.0004 | 0.0030*** | 0.0005 |
| Most dependent | 0.0020*** | 0.0005 | 0.0100*** | 0.0005 |
| Number of medical conditions * sex | ||||
| One condition* male | Reference | Reference | ||
| Two conditions * female | −0.0171*** | 0.0016 | −0.0029*** | 0.0007 |
| Three conditions * female | −0.0396*** | 0.0011 | −0.0022*** | 0.0008 |
| Four conditions * female | −0.0549*** | 0.0007 | 0.0001 | 0.0008 |
| ≥Five conditions * female | −0.0659*** | 0.0005 | 0.0030*** | 0.0008 |
| Number of medical conditions * age | ||||
| One condition * age | Reference | Reference | ||
| Two conditions * age | −0.0007*** | 0.0016 | −0.0006*** | 0.0001 |
| Three conditions * age | −0.0014*** | 0.0011 | −0.0010*** | 0.0001 |
| Four conditions * age | −0.0022*** | 0.0007 | −0.0014*** | 0.0001 |
| ≥Five conditions * age | −0.0023*** | 0.0005 | −0.0023*** | 0.0001 |
| Number of medical conditions * income quintile | ||||
| One condition* lowest | Reference | Reference | ||
| Two conditions*middle-low | −0.0016* | 0.0009 | −0.0025* | 0.0013 |
| Three conditions * middle-low | −0.0011 | 0.0013 | −0.0037** | 0.0014 |
| Four conditions* middle-low | −0.0043** | 0.0020 | −0.0043** | 0.0015 |
| ≥Five conditions* middle-low | −0.0031 | 0.0027 | −0.0046** | 0.0014 |
| Two conditions*middle | −0.0020** | 0.0010 | −0.0032** | 0.0015 |
| Three conditions * middle | −0.0030** | 0.0014 | −0.0051** | 0.0015 |
| Four conditions* middle | −0.0053** | 0.0023 | −0.0055** | 0.0017 |
| ≥Five conditions* middle | −0.0028 | 0.0031 | −0.0072*** | 0.0016 |
| Two conditions*middle-high | −0.0024** | 0.0011 | −0.0031* | 0.0016 |
| Three conditions * middle-high | −0.0032** | 0.0016 | −0.0052** | 0.0016 |
| Four conditions* middle-high | −0.0067** | 0.0025 | −0.0081*** | 0.0018 |
| ≥Five conditions* middle-high | −0.0093** | 0.0034 | −0.0070*** | 0.0018 |
| Two conditions*highest | −0.0015 | 0.0011 | −0.0036** | 0.0017 |
| Three conditions *highest | −0.0031* | 0.0017 | −0.0063*** | 0.0018 |
| Four conditions* highest | −0.0096*** | 0.0027 | −0.0088*** | 0.0019 |
| Five conditions* highest | −0.0099** | 0.0038 | −0.0095*** | 0.0019 |
| Number of medical conditions * deprivation quintile | ||||
| One condition* lowest | Reference | Reference | ||
| Two conditions*middle-low | 0.0024*** | 0.0007 | −0.0001 | 0.0011 |
| Three conditions * middle-low | 0.0038 *** | 0.0010 | −0.0015 | 0.0011 |
| Four conditions* middle-low | 0.0027 | 0.0017 | −0.0016 | 0.0013 |
| ≥Five conditions* middle-low | 0.0060** | 0.0026 | −0.0029** | 0.0012 |
| Two conditions*middle | 0.0047*** | 0.0007 | −0.0002 | 0.0012 |
| Three conditions * middle | 0.0067*** | 0.0010 | −0.0018 | 0.0013 |
| Four conditions* middle | 0.0062*** | 0.0017 | −0.0045** | 0.0014 |
| ≥Five conditions* middle | 0.0109*** | 0.0026 | −0.0042** | 0.0014 |
| Two conditions*middle-high | 0.0057*** | 0.0009 | −0.0012 | 0.0014 |
| Three conditions * middle-high | 0.0071*** | 0.0014 | −0.0031** | 0.0015 |
| Four conditions* middle-high | 0.0074*** | 0.0022 | −0.0051** | 0.0016 |
| ≥Five conditions* middle-high | 0.0111*** | 0.0032 | −0.0079*** | 0.0016 |
| Two conditions*highest | 0.0073*** | 0.0011 | −0.0028 | 0.0017 |
| Three conditions *highest | 0.0108*** | 0.0016 | −0.0052** | 0.0018 |
| Four conditions* highest | 0.0114*** | 0.0026 | −0.0089*** | 0.0019 |
| ≥Five conditions* highest | 0.0119*** | 0.0036 | −0.0098*** | 0.0019 |
| Number of medical conditions * instability | ||||
| One condition* lowest | Reference | Reference | ||
| Two conditions*middle-low | −0.0012** | 0.0007 | 0.0009 | 0.0011 |
| Three conditions * middle-low | −0.0007 | 0.0010 | 0.0020 | 0.0012 |
| Four conditions* middle-low | −0.0016 | 0.0017 | 0.0010 | 0.0013 |
| ≥Five conditions* middle-low | −0.0013 | 0.0026 | 0.0022 | 0.0014 |
| Two conditions*middle | −0.0017** | 0.0008 | 0.0037** | 0.0014 |
| Three conditions * middle | −0.0012 | 0.0012 | 0.0010 | 0.0013 |
| Four conditions* middle | −0.0002 | 0.0019 | 0.0022 | 0.0014 |
| ≥Five conditions* middle | 0.0025 | 0.0027 | 0.0037** | 0.0014 |
| Two conditions*middle-high | −0.0003 | 0.0009 | 0.0022* | 0.0012 |
| Three conditions * middle-high | 0.0006 | 0.0012 | 0.0019 | 0.0013 |
| Four conditions* middle-high | 0.0011 | 0.0019 | 0.0033** | 0.0014 |
| ≥Five conditions* middle-high | 0.0075*** | 0.0027 | 0.0048*** | 0.0014 |
| Two conditions*highest | 0.0037*** | 0.0012 | −0.0027** | 0.0013 |
| Three conditions *highest | 0.0095*** | 0.0012 | −0.0026** | 0.0013 |
| Four conditions* highest | 0.0113*** | 0.0020 | −0.0035** | 0.0014 |
| ≥Five conditions* highest | 0.0206*** | 0.0028 | −0.0019 | 0.0014 |
| Number of medical conditions * ethnic concentration | ||||
| One condition* lowest | Reference | Reference | ||
| Two conditions*middle-low | −0.0006 | 0.0009 | 0.0011 | 0.0012 |
| Three conditions * middle-low | −0.0007 | 0.0013 | 0.0022* | 0.0012 |
| Number of medical conditions * ethnic concentration | ||||
| Four conditions* middle-low | −0.0020 | 0.0021 | 0.0012 | 0.0014 |
| ≥Five conditions* middle-low | 0.0018 | 0.0029 | 0.0012 | 0.0013 |
| Two conditions*middle | 0.0004 | 0.0009 | 0.0006 | 0.0012 |
| Three conditions * middle | −0.0006 | 0.0013 | 0.0003 | 0.0012 |
| Four conditions* middle | −0.0034 | 0.0021 | −0.0012 | 0.0014 |
| ≥Five conditions* middle | 0.0016 | 0.0030 | 0.0004 | 0.0013 |
| Two conditions*middle-high | 0.0002 | 0.0009 | 0.0015 | 0.0012 |
| Three conditions * middle-high | −0.0013 | 0.0014 | 0.0021* | 0.0013 |
| Four conditions* middle-high | −0.0056** | 0.0022 | 0.0006 | 0.0014 |
| ≥Five conditions* middle-high | −0.0056* | 0.0030 | 0.0035** | 0.0014 |
| Two conditions*highest | −0.0008 | 0.0012 | 0.0043*** | 0.0012 |
| Three conditions *highest | −0.0021 | 0.0013 | 0.0047*** | 0.0013 |
| Four conditions* highest | −0.0081*** | 0.0021 | 0.0044*** | 0.0013 |
| ≥Five conditions* highest | −0.0070** | 0.0030 | 0.0093*** | 0.0013 |
| Number of medical conditions * dependency quintile‡ | ||||
| One condition* lowest | Reference | Reference | ||
| Two conditions*middle-low | 0.0016** | 0.0007 | ||
| Three conditions * middle-low | 0.0018** | 0.0010 | ||
| Four conditions* middle-low | 0.0004 | 0.0017 | ||
| ≥Five conditions* middle-low | −0.0028 | 0.0026 | ||
| Two conditions*middle | 0.0015** | 0.0001 | ||
| Three conditions * middle | 0.0030*** | 0.0011 | ||
| Four conditions* middle | 0.0036** | 0.0018 | ||
| ≥Five conditions* middle | 0.0008 | 0.0025 | ||
| Two conditions*middle-high | 0.0017** | 0.0008 | ||
| Three conditions * middle-high | 0.0029** | 0.0012 | ||
| Four conditions* middle-high | 0.0028 | 0.0019 | ||
| ≥Five conditions* middle-high | 0.0014 | 0.0027 | ||
| Two conditions*highest | 0.0018** | 0.0009 | ||
| Three conditions *highest | 0.0032** | 0.0013 | ||
| Four conditions* highest | 0.0041** | 0.0020 | ||
| ≥Five conditions* highest | 0.0038 | 0.0028 | ||
| Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) | 15,672,974 | 5,058,276 | ||
| Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) | 15,674,535 | 5,059,515 | ||
***p<0.001, **p<0.05, *p<0.10.
†Adjusted for primary care models and rurality index.
‡Interaction between the number of medical conditions and dependency quintile was not statistically significant and therefore excluded from a final model.