Skip to main content
. 2017 Oct 7;390(10103):1676–1684. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31575-1

Table 2.

Life expectancy and years spent in different states of dependency at age 65 years in 1991 and 2011, and differences between 1991 and 2011

1991 2011 Difference
Men
Life expectancy 12·9 17·6 4·7
Independent 9·5 (9·3 to 9·7) 11·2 (10·8–11·5) 1·7 (1·2 to 2·1)
Low dependency 2·3 (1·9 to 2·7) 4·0 (3·5–4·5) 1·7 (1·0 to 2·4)
Medium dependency 0·7 (0·3 to 1·2) 1·1 (0·5–1·7) 0·3 (−0·4 to 1·1)
High dependency 0·4 (−0·1 to 0·8) 1·3 (0·7–1·9) 0·9 (0·2 to 1·7)
Proportion of life expectancy spent
Independent 73·6% (71·8 to 75·4) 63·5% (61·4–65·6) −10·1% (−12·9 to −7·3)
Low dependency 17·8% (14·5 to 22·2) 22·9% (19·9–25·8) 5·1% (0·6 to 9·5)
Medium dependency 5·8% (2·2 to 9·3) 6·2% (2·9–9·5) 0·4% (−4·4 to 5·2)
High dependency 2·9% (−0·7 to 6·5) 7·4% (4·2–10·7) 4·5% (−0·4 to 9·3)
Women
Life expectancy 16·5 20·6 4·1
Independent 9·5 (9·2 to 9·8) 9·7 (9·3–10·2) 0·2 (−0·4 to 0·7)
Low dependency 5·3 (4·9 to 5·7) 7·8 (7·3–8·3) 2·4 (1·8 to 3·1)
Medium dependency 1·0 (0·5 to 1·5) 1·1 (0·5–1·8) 0·2 (−0·6 to 1·0)
High dependency 0·6 (0·1 to 1·1) 1·9 (1·3–2·6) 1·3 (0·5 to 2·1)
Proportion of life expectancy spent
Independent 58·0% (56·2 to 59·9) 47·3% (45·0–49·5) −10·7% (−13·6 to −7·8)
Low dependency 32·4% (29·9 to 34·9) 37·8% (35·3–40·2) 5·4% (1·9 to 8·9)
Medium dependency 5·9% (3·0 to 8·8) 5·6% (2·6–8·6) −0·4% (−4·5 to 3·8)
High dependency 3·7% (0·8 to 6·7) 9·3% (6·3–12·4) 5·6% (1·4 to 9·8)

Data are years (95% CI), unless specified.