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. 2017 Oct 13;7:13186. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13732-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Viscosity analysis and inactivation test using sputum samples with or without pronase treatment. The inactivation test and viscosity analysis were carried out using sputum samples with or without pronase treatment and artificial mucus to determine whether pathogens are protected from alcohol-based disinfectants. (A) Viscosity of 27 sputum samples (with or without pronase treatment). (B) Comparison of sputum sample viscosity with and without pronase treatment. (C) Inactivation test using the 27 sputum samples to evaluate resistance to alcohol-based disinfectants. (D) Inactivation test using 27 sputum samples treated with pronase. N, negative control (alcohol-based disinfectants added to virus in saline); UD, undetectable. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD based on at least three independent experiments.