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. 2017 Oct 9;8:1955. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01955

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Changes in the gut microbiota profiles of mice fed ad libitum (AL) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) (n = 3 for mice fed CS; n = 2 for mice fed AL; CS.RA, CS.NM, and CS.HL represent three mice fed CS; AL1 and AL2 represent two mice fed AL). (A) CS-induced gut microbiota shifts that varied in individual mice. (B) Unbalanced gut symbionts with more SSB+SRB than MEB species that aggravate OA due to insufficient A. muciniphila; (C) balanced gut symbionts in germ-free conditions or with commensal diversity that ameliorate OA because of no gut microbiota interference. (D) Unbalanced gut symbionts with more MEB than SSB+SRB that ameliorate OA when the abundance of A. muciniphila is optimal or aggravate OA if the colonization of A. muciniphila is excessive. The relative abundance of bacteria is represented by red (increased) to blue (decreased) colors accounting for Z values from −1.5 to 1.5.