Table 1.
Characteristics of participants
| Control | Intervention | All | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mothers and infants eligible at birth | 1541 | 1460 | 3001 | |
| District (state) | ||||
| West Singhbhum (Jharkhand) | 781 (51%) | 727 (50%) | 1508 (50%) | |
| Kendujhar (Odisha) | 760 (49%) | 733 (50%) | 1493 (50%) | |
| Residence | ||||
| Main village | 964 (63%) | 889 (61%) | 1853 (62%) | |
| Hamlet | 577 (37%) | 571 (39%) | 1148 (38%)) | |
| Mother's age (years) | 24·0 (4·6) | 23·9 (4·7) | 23·9 (4·6) | |
| Parity | 2·4 (1·6) | 2·4 (1·6) | 2·4 (1·6) | |
| Class or caste status | ||||
| Scheduled tribe | 1199 (78%) | 1100 (75%) | 2299 (77%) | |
| Scheduled caste | 71 (5%) | 123 (8%) | 194 (7%) | |
| Other backward class | 269 (18%) | 234 (16%) | 503 (17%) | |
| Other | 2 (<1%) | 3 (<1%) | 5 (<1%) | |
| Land ownership | ||||
| Less than 2 bighas | 956 (62%) | 837 (57%) | 1793 (60%) | |
| Between 2 and 4 bighas | 342 (22%) | 355 (24%) | 697 (23%) | |
| More than 4 bighas | 110 (7%) | 99 (7%) | 209 (7%) | |
| Land mortgaged | 6 (<1%) | 7 (1%) | 13 (<1%) | |
| No land | 119 (8%) | 145 (10%) | 264 (9%) | |
| Missing | 8 (1%) | 17 (1%) | 25 (1%) | |
| Literacy | ||||
| Can read easily | 430 (28%) | 418 (29%) | 848 (28%) | |
| Cannot read or with difficulty | 907 (59%) | 874 (60%) | 1781 (59%) | |
| Missing | 204 (13%) | 168 (11%) | 372 (12%) | |
| Education | ||||
| None or less than 3 years | 107 (7%) | 119 (8%) | 226 (8%) | |
| Primary | 171 (11%) | 201 (14%) | 372 (12%) | |
| Lower secondary | 283 (18%) | 284 (19%) | 567 (19%) | |
| Higher secondary and above | 126 (8%) | 124 (9%) | 250 (8%) | |
| Missing | 854 (55%) | 732 (50%) | 1586 (53%) | |
| Multidimensional poverty quintiles | ||||
| First (poorest) quintile | 217 (14%) | 221 (15%) | 438 (15%) | |
| Second quartile | 319 (21%) | 286 (20%) | 605 (20%) | |
| Third quartile | 479 (31%) | 463 (32%) | 942 (31%) | |
| Fourth quartile | 428 (28%) | 410 (28%) | 838 (28%) | |
| Fifth (richest) quintile | 98 (6%) | 80 (6%) | 178 (6%) | |
| Access to toilet | ||||
| Yes—improved (flush or covered latrine) | 14 (1%) | 19 (1%) | 33 (1%) | |
| Yes—not improved (open latrine) | 9 (<1%) | 10 (1%) | 19 (1%) | |
| No toilet | 1518 (99%) | 1431 (98%) | 2949 (98%) | |
| Main source of drinking water | ||||
| Tap | 3 (<1%) | 19 (1%) | 22 (1%) | |
| Hand pump or tubewell | 1027 (67%) | 933 (64%) | 1960 (65%) | |
| Covered dug well | 24 (2%) | 29 (2%) | 53 (2%) | |
| Uncovered dug well | 273 (18%) | 273 (19%) | 546 (18%) | |
| River, canal or spring | 214 (14%) | 206 (14%) | 420 (14%) | |
Data are n (%) or mean (SD).