Table 1.

Summary of tools and concepts specifically used to measure patient empowerment, engagement, and activation.

Concept	Authors	Method or tool: concepts measured
Activation	Ancker et al [35]	Patient Activation Measure (PAM): patient knowledge, skill, confidence for self-care
	Crouch et al [28]	PAM
	O’Leary et al [36]	PAM
	Riippa et al [34]	PAM
Engagement	Toscos et al [24]	PAM
	Shi et al [37]	PAM
	Gee et al [25]	Qualitative: self-management
	Pillemer et al [40]	Qualitative: self-control, knowledge
	Rief et al [41]	Qualitative: knowledge of patient role, self-efficacy, initiative, and commitment to care
	Shade et al [38]	Outcome measure: use of health care services
	Henry et al [39]	Outcome measure: care gap closures
Empowerment	Crouch et al [28]	Healthcare Empowerment Inventory, based on Health Care Empowerment Model: engagement, informed, collaboration, commitment to treatment and tolerance of uncertainties of outcomes [32]
	van der Vaart et al [30]	Different scales for each component: patient satisfaction with care, trusting physician-patient relationship, self-efficacy in provider-patient communication, perception of illness and personal control, medication adherence
	Tuil et al [29]	Different scales for each component: self-efficacy, knowledge about treatment, involvement in decision process
	Earnest et al [31]	Composite empowerment scale: control of care, knowledge of condition, preparedness, reassurance, understanding of provider instructions, trust, ability to find mistakes