Table 4.

Exosome-based therapy: clinical trials.

Disease	Phase	Vesicle cellular source	Route of administration	Isolation method	Modified (Y/N)	Status	Reference
Melanoma	I—open label	Autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells	SC	UF/UC sucrose cushion	Y	Complete	Escudier et al. (92)
Non-small cell lung cancer	I—open label	Autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells	SC and intradermal	UF/UC sucrose cushion	Y	Complete	Morse et al. (93)
Colon cancer	I—open label	Autologous ascites	SC	UC sucrose cushion	N	Complete	Dai et al. (95)
Colon cancer	I—open label	Plant based	–	Not declared	Y	Ongoing	NCT01294072
Type I diabetes	I—open label	Umbilical cord blood (allogeneic) MSC	–	Not declared	N	Ongoing	NCT02138331
Non-small cell lung cancer	II—open label	Tumor cell	Pleural or peritoneal cavity	Not declared	Y	Complete	Besse et al. (96)
Wound healing (Ulcer)	I—open label	Plasma (autologous)	–	Not declared	N	Enrolling	NCT02565264

MSC, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; SC, subcutaneous; UF, ultrafiltration; UC, ultracentrifugation.

Adapted from Lener et al. (56).