Figure 1. Albendazole inhibited the cell growth of HNSCC cell lines, with preferential activity in HPV-negative cell lines.

(A) HPV-negative, HPV-positive and normal cell lines were tested against increasing doses of albendazole in order to calculate IC₅₀ values. Cell lines that did not reach 50% viability at the maximum dose (10 μM) are denoted as NS (not susceptible). (B) Mean potency of albendazole for HPV-negative, HPV-positive and normal cell lines. Cell lines that did not reach IC₅₀ were assigned a value of 10 μM (highest concentration tested) for statistical analysis. This potency trend suggests that albendazole demonstrates preferential activity in HPV-negative cell lines (unpaired t-test; p < 0.05). Error bars reflect standard error, *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001.