Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
Study | Country | Study design | Time frame | Cases (N) | Age (y) |
Sex (M/F) |
Patients | Interventions | Study outcomes | Follow-up duration | Attrition (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abramowicz 1970 | International | Multicenter RCT | 1967–1969 | 38 | NR | NR | Initial SRNS | AZA vs P/NT | CR and PR at 90 d, | 3 mos. | 18% |
Choudhry 2009 | India | Single center RCT | 2005–2007 | 41 | 3.5–6.0 | 25/16 | Initial and late SRNS | TAC vs CSA | CR and PR at 12 mos., adverse effects | 12 mos. | 0% |
D'Agati 2013 | USA | Multicenter RCT | 2004–2009 | 138 | NR | 73/65 | Initial SRNS | CSA vs MMF | CR and PR at 12 mos., adverse effects | 12 mos. | 1% |
Elhence 1994 | India | Single center RCT | 1990–1991 | 13 | 3–16 | 11/2 | Initial and late SRNS | OCPA vs ICPA | CR at 6 mos., adverse effects | 6 mos. | 15% |
Garin 1988 | USA | Single center RCT | NR | 8 | 3–18 | 6/2 | SRNS | CSA vs P/NT | CR at 3 mos. | 3 mos. | 0% |
Gulati 2012 | India | Multicenter RCT | 2008–2010 | 131 | 2–16 | 86/45 | Initial and late SRNS | TAC vs ICPA | CR and PR at 12 mos., adverse effects | 12 mos. | 5% |
ISKDC 1974 | International | Multicenter RCT | 1970–1972 | 31 | NR | NR | Initial SRNS | OCPA vs P/NT | CR and PR at 12 mos., adverse effects | 24 mos. | 0% |
Kleinknecht 1980 | France | Single center RCT | NR | 30 | NR | NR | SRNS | CHL vs P/NT | CR at 6 mos. | 6 mos. | 0% |
Lieberman 1996 | USA | Multicenter RCT | NR | 31 | 7–16 | 21/9 | Initial SRNS | CSA vs P/NT | CR and PR at 6 mos., adverse effects | 6 mos. | 23% |
Magnasco 2012 | Italy | Single center RCT | 2007–2010 | 31 | < 16 | 19/12 | Initial and late SRNS | RTCA vs P/NT | CR at 12 mos., adverse effects | 12 mos. | 0% |
Mantan 2008 | India | Single center RCT | 2001–2003 | 52 | 1–18 | 35/17 | Initial and late SRNS | ICPA vs OCPA | CR and PR at 6 mos., adverse effects | 18 mos. | 6% |
Ohri 2010 | India | Single center RCT | NR | 35 | 1–12 | 17/18 | Initial SRNS | ICPA vs OCPA | CR and PR at 6 mos., adverse effects | 6 mos. | 0% |
Plank 2008 | International | Multicenter RCT | 2001–2004 | 32 | 1–13 | 19/13 | Initial SRNS | CSA vs CPA | CR and PR at 3 mos., adverse effects | 12 mos. | 33% |
Ponticelli 1993 | Italy | Multicenter RCT | NR | 20 | 2–18 | NR | Initial SRNS | CSA vs P/NT | CR and PR at 12 mos., adverse effects | 12 mos. | 15% |
Sinha 2015 | India | Multicenter RCT | NR | 60 | 1–18 | NR | SRNS | TAC vs MMF | Complete or PR at 12 mos. | 12 mos. | 0.0% |
Tarshish 1996 | International | Multicenter RCT | NR | 60 | 1–16 | NR | Initial SRNS | OCPA vs P/NT | CR and PR at 6 mos., adverse effects | 12 mos. | 11% |
Valverde 2010 | Mexico | Single center RCT | NR | 17 | 1–18 | NR | SRNS | CSA vs TAC | CR and PR at 12 mos., adverse effects | 12 mos. | 0% |
Wu 2015 | China | Single center RCT | 2008–2012 | 18 | 2–18 | 11/7 | SRNS | CPA vs MMF vs LEF | CR at 6 mos. | 12 mos. | 18% |
Notes: SRNS, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; NR, not reported; RCT, randomized controlled trial; CSA, cyclosporin; ICPA, intravenous cyclophosphamide; TAC, tacrolimus, MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; OCPA, oral cyclophosphamide; LEF, leflunomide; CHL, chlorambucil; AZA, azathioprine; RTCA, rituximab-cyclosporin dual therapy; P/NT, placebo/nontreatment; CR, complete response; PR, partial response.