Table 3.

Psychosocial Measures (collected at baseline, 16-weeks, and 10 months)

	Measure	Description	Construct Validity	Reliability Coefficient
Body Image	Body Appreciation Scale	13-item scale for assessing positive body image [54].	Exercise frequency correlated with higher positive body image in women with low to average levels of appearance-based physical activity motivation [55]	Cronbach’s α =0.93 [56].
	Pulvers Figure Rating Scale	Figure rating scale with 9 silhouettes developed to examine body image perception and obesity relationship in African Americans [56].	Ratings of body image strongly correlated with participants’ BMI’s [56].	Inter-rater reliability Cronbach’s α = 0.95 [56].
Self-Efficacy	Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire- Short Form (WEL-SF)	8-item eating self-efficacy instrument derived from validated 20-item WEL questionnaire [57]. Assesses degree of confidence to resist overeating.	WEL-SF items strongly correlated with the original validated WEL.4 WEL-SF items overall represented difficulty resisting eating in the presence of increased food availability, social pressure, negative emotions, physical discomfort, and positive activities [57].	Pearson’s r value=0.968 for correlation between WEL-SF and the full version of WEL [57].
	Self-efficacy for Exercise Behaviors Scale [58].	12 items, measures degree of confidence to exercise despite certain barriers. 2 subscales: resisting relapse (5 items) & making time for exercise (7 items) [58].	Change in exercise self-efficacy significantly correlated with weight loss 4 months postintervetion [59].	Cronbach’s α = 0.85 resisting relapse.5 Cronbach’s α = 0.83 making time for exercise [58].
	Physical Activity and Nutrition Self-Efficacy (PANSE) Scale	11-item instrument used to assess weightloss self-efficacy among lower-income postpartum women [60].	Increases in weight-loss self-efficacy (PANSE) scores significantly correlated with reduced unhealthy behavior practices [60].	Cronbach’s α coefficient of r = 0.89 [60].
Health Locus of Control	Spiritual Health Locus of Control	13-item scale with 2 subscales: active (11 items) & passive (2 items). Evaluates spiritual locus of health responsibility [61].	Active spiritual beliefs were positively associated with fruit consumption and negatively associated with alcohol consumption. Passive spiritual beliefs were associated with lower vegetable and increased alcohol consumption [61].	Active subscale internal consistency r=0.88 for female subjects [61]. Passive subscale internal consistency r=0.58 for female subjects [61].
	Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Form A	18-item measure with 3 dimensions that assess individuals’ Internal (I scale), Powerful Others (P scale) and Chance (C scale) Loci of Control to capture general beliefs about their perceived internal and external control over their health [62, 63].	Almost all of pure internal group (99%) reported their health as very good or good compared to the yea-sayer group (87%) [63].	Coefficient α = 0.85, 0.75 and 0.71 for I, P, and C scales respectively [63].
Motivation	Intrinsic Motivation for Diet and Physical Activity	19-item instrument derived from validated scales used in other studies. 2 subscales: Intrinsic Motivation for Diet and Intrinsic Motivation for Physical Activity.	Motivation for physical activity and fruit & vegetable intake significantly increased post-intervention [64, 65].	Reliability coefficient = 0.53 diet11 Reliability coefficient = 0.78 physical activity [64].
Mood	Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD-10) Scale	10 items, screens for depressed mood symptoms [66, 67].	Overweight and obesity categories were shown to be positively associated, and physical activity negatively associated with depressive symptoms at 3-year follow up [67].	r= 0.71 for test-retest item correlation of CESD-10 with CESD-20 [66].
Stress	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) [68, 69].	10 items, measures the degree of stress perception.	Using multiple regression analysis, perceived stress significantly predicted responses for emotional eating and haphazard meal planning [69].	Internal reliability (Cronbach alpha coefficient =0.78) [68].
Social Support	Weight Management Support Inventory (2 scales: Frequency and Helpfulness scales)	52-item inventory: 26 items each on Frequency and Helpfulness subscales. Assesses frequency and helpfulness of social support for weight loss [70]	Both frequency and helpfulness of supportive behaviors were demonstrated to be significantly associated with restrained eating [70].	For frequency scale test-retest reliability r= 0.75; for helpfulness scale test-retest reliability r= 0.80 [70].