Table 2.
Prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption across ethnic groups in the HELIUS study, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2011–2015
| Outcome variable | Dutch | Ethnicity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South-Asian Surinamese | African Surinamese | Ghanaian | Turkish | Moroccan | ||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Current smoking | ||||||
| Prevalence (%) | 25.1 | 30.6 | 33.0 | 4.3 | 35.6 | 13.9 |
| Odds ratioa | 1.00 | 1.31 (1.18–1.45) | 1.59 (1.44–1.74) | 0.14 (0.11–0.17) | 1.59 (1.44–1.75) | 0.47 (0.42–0.53) |
| Heavy smoking/smokersb | ||||||
| Prevalence (%) | 49.4 | 49.0 | 44.5 | 35.7 | 65.5 | 65.9 |
| Odds ratio | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.71 (0.59–0.84) | 0.43 (0.27–0.69) | 2.27 (1.91–2.69) | 2.13 (1.70–2.67) |
| Nicotine dependence/smokersb | ||||||
| Prevalence (%) | 26.6 | 39.9 | 25.4 | 27.8 | 40.8 | 39.2 |
| Odds ratio | 1.00 | 1.79 (1.49–2.15) | 0.89 (0.74–1.06) | 0.95 (0.59–1.54) | 2.09 (1.76–2.49) | 1.85 (1.49–2.31) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Current drinking | ||||||
| Prevalence (%) | 91.1 | 55.4 | 68.7 | 47.0 | 22.3 | 7.5 |
| Odds ratioa | 1.00 | 0.11 (0.10–0.12) | 0.22 (0.20–0.25) | 0.08 (0.07–0.09) | 0.02 (0.02–0.02) | 0.01 (0.01–0.01) |
| Excessive drinking/drinkersc | ||||||
| Prevalence (%) | 17.9 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 5.1 |
| Odds ratio | 1.00 | 0.29 (0.24–0.36) | 0.27 (0.23–0.32) | 0.18 (0.13–0.25) | 0.22 (0.16–0.31) | 0.27 (0.16–0.46) |
| Alcohol dependence/drinkersc | ||||||
| Prevalence (%) | 27.9 | 15.3 | 10.2 | 12.8 | 18.1 | 32.1 |
| Odds ratio | 1.00 | 0.39 (0.33–0.45) | 0.28 (0.26–0.32) | 0.37 (0.31–0.45) | 0.39 (0.32–0.47) | 0.81 (0.63–1.05) |
aAdjusted for age and sex, with ethnic Dutch as the reference group
bPrevalence of heavy smoking and nicotine dependence within the sample of smokers
cPrevalence of excessive drinking and alcohol dependence within the sample of drinkers