Table 3.
Association of perceived ethnic discrimination with smoking behaviours in ethnic minority groups in the HELIUS study, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2011–2015
| Outcome variable | Total samplea | Ethnicity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South-Asian Surinamese | African Surinamese | Ghanaian | Turkish | Moroccan | ||
| Current smoking | ||||||
| Model 1b | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 1.23 (1.13–1.34) | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) | 1.05 (0.96–1.16) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) |
| Model 2c | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 0.94 (0.85–1.05) | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) | 0.98 (0.75–1.29) | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) |
| Heavy smoking/smokers | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.06 (0.98–1.16) | 1.17 (0.99–1.38) | 1.09 (0.94–1.25) | 2.09 (1.09–4.00) | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) | 0.99 (0.78–1.27) |
| Model 2 | 1.05 (0.97–1.15) | 1.17 (0.99–1.39) | 1.09 (0.93–1.26) | 2.12 (0.99–4.55) | 0.89 (0.76–1.05) | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) |
| Nicotine dependence/smokers | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.25 (1.15–1.35) | 1.24 (1.05–1.46) | 1.42 (1.22–1.64) | 1.40 (0.73–2.70) | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) | 1.21 (0.97–1.51) |
| Model 2 | 1.18 (1.09–1.28) | 1.19 (1.00–1.42) | 1.34 (1.15–1.57) | 1.28 (0.57–2.86) | 1.06 (0.91–1.16) | 1.12 (0.89–1.41) |
a p values for interaction between perceived ethnic discrimination and ethnicity in the total sample of ethnic minority groups, based on fully adjusted models: current smoking p = 0.02, heavy smoking p = 0.11, nicotine dependence p = 0.25
bModel 1 adjusted for ethnicity (in total sample only), age, and sex
cModel 2 adjusted for age, sex, marital status, educational level, employment status and other, and psychosocial stressors (negative life events and feeling distressed at home)