. 2017 Aug 18;130(11):2411–2429. doi: 10.1007/s00122-017-2967-4

Table 2.

Performance levels 1983 and 2015, difference in performance levels between 2015 and 1983 based on overall regression estimates, and estimates of linear regression coefficients for trends

Traits		Predicted values 1983 and 2015 based on overall linear trends					Estimates of linear trends
Traits							Genetic				Non-genetic				Overall
Short name^a	Unit	1983	2015	Diff.	Sign.	%Diff	Absolute	Sign.	SE	%	Absolute	Sign.	SE	%	Absolute	Sign.	SE	%
Yield components
GRAIN_Y	dt ha⁻¹	54.2	77.6	23.4	***	43.0	0.438	***	0.026	0.81	0.294	***	0.092	0.54	0.729	***	0.088	1.34
GRAIN_Y^b	dt ha⁻¹	40.0	54.0	14.0	***	35.0									0.438	***	1.095	1.10
EAR_D	ears m⁻²	716.7	832.2	115.5	***	16.1	2.348	***	0.525	0.33	1.020		1.143	0.14	3.611	***	1.061	0.50
KERNLS_E	kernels ear⁻¹	18.0	20.5	2.5	**	14.3	0.009		0.012	0.05	0.075	*	0.032	0.42	0.081	**	0.030	0.45
TGM	g (1000 kernels)⁻¹	44.3	47.6	3.3	*	7.5	0.138	***	0.020	0.31	−0.029		0.044	−0.07	0.104	*	0.042	0.23
Grain quality
GRAIN2.5	%	85.5	97.0	11.5	***	13.5	0.121	***	0.033	0.14	0.222	***	0.060	0.26	0.361	***	0.051	0.42
HECTOL_W	kg hl⁻¹	67.6	68.8	1.2		1.8	−0.062	***	0.012	−0.09	0.099	***	0.025	0.15	0.037		0.024	0.06
PROTIN_C	%	11.2	10.0	−1.2	**	−10.1	−0.041	***	0.004	−0.37	0.005		0.013	0.05	−0.035	**	0.013	−0.32
Malting quality
EXTRCT_C	%	81.5	83.3	1.8	***	2.3	0.081	***	0.008	0.10	−0.020		0.014	−0.03	0.057	***	0.013	0.07
MALTNG_L	%	10.6	8.9	−1.7	***	−16.7	−0.002	***	0.008	−0.02	−0.052	***	0.014	−0.49	−0.055	***	0.012	−0.52
FRIABLTY	%	76.3	95.5	19.2	***	25.1	0.469	***	0.049	0.62	0.136		0.097	0.18	0.599	***	0.088	0.79
VISCOSTY	mPas	1.52	1.46	−0.06	**	−4.2	−0.002	***	0.000	−0.14	0.000		0.001	0.01	−0.002	**	0.001	−0.13
PROTIN_S	%	43.3	47.4	4.1	**	9.3	0.234	***	0.031	0.54	−0.092		0.047	−0.21	0.126	**	0.041	0.29
ATTENUTN	%	80.8	83.2	2.4	***	3.0	0.059	***	0.011	0.07	0.017		0.019	0.02	0.077	***	0.019	0.10

Per cent trends (%) are relative to 1983 performance levels

GRAIN_Y grain yield at 86% dry matter, EAR_D single ear density, KERNLS_E number of kernels per ear, TGM thousand grain mass at 86% dry matter, GRAIN2.5 grain fraction with kernel size >2.5 mm, HECTOL_W hectoliter weight (test weight), PROTIN_C crude grain protein concentration (% of dry matter), EXTRCT_C extract content in dry matter [%], MALTNG_L malting loss, FRIABLTY friability, VISCOSTY viscosity, PROTIN_S protein solution degree (Kolbach value), ATTENUTN final attenuation degree, SE standard errors of regression coefficients

* Significant at 5% level

** Significant at 1% level

*** Significant at 0.1% level

^aFor full name and description of trait see Table 1

^bOn-farm national average yield