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. 2017 Oct 10;8:1961. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01961

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Copyright © 2017 Jensen, Johansen and Jensen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Left column: chronic spontaneous bacterial infections in conventional pigs (A–D) and a human (E). Middle column: experimental porcine models of human infections. Right column (except from picture A3): microscopy of the lesions present in the middle column. Row A: Chronic wounds. A1: Shoulder ulceration. A2: wound located on the back. A3: Bacteria (arrow) in a shoulder ulceration from a conventional pig. Row B: Endocarditis. B1: Left side, thrombotic valvular endocarditis (arrow). B2: A permanent catheter (arrow) inserted into the left ventricle prior to inoculation of bacteria. B3: Immunohistochemical staining of S. aureus (arrow) on the mitral valve (Christiansen et al., 2013b). Row C: Pyelonephritis. C1, C2: Polar located lesions of pyelonephritis (arrows). C3: Immunohistochemical staining of E. coli (arrows) in the proximal tubuli (Isling et al., 2011). Row D: Hematogenous osteomyelitis. D1, D2: Purulent osteomyelitis (O) in the femur. D3: Immunohistochemical staining of S. aureus (arrow) located in the capillary loops of the metaphysis (Johansen et al., 2012b). Row E: Implant-associated osteomyelitis. E1: Infected osteo-syntheses of the ankle. E2: Peri-implant infected bone tissue (double arrow) surrounding the implant cavity (ic), the implant has been removed. E3: Immunohistochemical staining of S. aureus (arrow) and in the insert (Jensen et al., 2017).