Table 3.
Porcine models of endocarditis.
| References (year) | Model design | Inoculum | Outcome | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of animals | Age (weeks) | Weight (kg) | Sex | Breed | Infection time | Implant/modification | Bacteria | Dose CFU/ml | Volume | Route | Bacterial verification T/I | Infection stage | Success rate* | |
| Jones, 1969 | 17 | 8–12 and 12–14 | NR | M/F | Yorkshire | 2–47 days | None | β-haemolytic Streptococci S21 and S57 (Group C) S34 and S85 (Group L) | 108 | 10 ml | I.V. | T: Microbiology + Histology I: NRV | Acute | S85: 77% |
| Geissinger et al., 1973 | 64 | 12–20 and 3 or 10 | NR | M/F | Yorkshire Conventional and Gnotobiotic | 2–12 days | None | Two strains of S. aureus A and B E. rhusiopathiae P2-8 | A: 2 × 109–9 × 1010 B: 8 × 1011 E. rhusiopathiae: 4 × 1010 | 7-10 ml | S.C. | T: Histology (LM and SEM) I: NRV | Acute | Strain A: Conventional: 37% Gnotobiotic: 55% |
| Jones, 1981 | 60 | 8–12 | NR | M/F | Yorkshire | 10–35 days | None | β-haemolytic Streptococci S85 (Group L) | 108 | 10 ml | I.V. | T: Microbiology I: NRV | Acute | 50% |
| Jones, 1982 | 23 | 8–12 | NR | M/F | Yorkshire | 18–48 h | None | β-haemolytic Streptococci S85 (Group L) | 108 | 10 ml | I.V. | T: Microbiology + Histology I: NRV | Acute | 60% |
| Johnson et al., 1986 | 41 | 3–4 | NR | M/F | Crossbred | 24 days | Catheter | β-haemolytic Streptococci (Group C) | 1 × 107 | NR | I.V. | T: Microbiology + Histology I: NR | Acute | Catheter: 94% No catheter: 11% |
| Dewar et al., 1987 | 10 | NR | 25–35 | M | Göttingen mini-pigs | 20–55 days | Catheter | S. sanguis NCTC7864 | 3 × 108 | NR | I.V. | T: NR I: NR | NR | 75% |
| Christiansen et al., 2013b | 14 | 6–9 | 13–25 | F | Yorkshire-Landrace crossbred | 1–11 days | Catheter | S. aureus S54F9 and NCTC8325-4 | 105–107 | 13-25 ml | I.V. | T: Microbiology + Histology I: NR | Acute | Both strains: 25% S54F9 107 CFU: 100% |
| Christiansen et al., 2013a | 17 | 6–10 | 13–25 | F | Yorkshire-Landrace crossbred | 1–11 days | Catheter | S. aureus S54F9 and NCTC8325-4 | 105–108 | 13-25 ml | I.V. | T: Microbiology + Histology I: NR | NR | Both strains: 22% S54F9 107 CFU: 100% |
*
The percentage of animals with infection. T, verification method in tissue; I, verification method on implant; CFU, colony forming units; NR, not registered; F, female; M, male; I.V, intravenous; S.C., sub cutaneous; NRV, not relevant.