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. 2017 Oct 10;8:1948. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01948

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Copyright © 2017 Yadav, Go, Kim, Chae and Song.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of AME solution on in vivo colonization by S. pneumoniae in the middle ears of rats. (A) Rat bulla inoculated with bacteria only. (B) A rat bulla inoculated with bacteria and AME. (C) A rat bulla inoculated with medium only. (D) Counts of bacteria from the middle ears of rats 1 week after inoculation. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann–Whitney U tests and represented as median values and quartiles (25/75%). Comparisons with a p-value (^∗p < 0.05) were considered statistically significant.