Table 1.
Weighted Analysis of Participant Characteristics by HIV and Antiretroviral Exposure Status
| Characteristics | HUU (n = 6179), % (95% CI) | HEU (n = 2599) | Total (n = 8778), % (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preconception ART (n = 616), % (95% CI) | Postconception ART (n = 780), % (95% CI) | ZDV (n = 873), % (95% CI) | None (n = 330), % (95% CI) | |||
| Maternal | ||||||
| Age at enrollment, y | ||||||
| <20 | 18.3 (17.1–19.6) | 1.8 (1.0–3.2) | 3.1 (2.0–4.9) | 7.0 (5.0–9.6) | 5.2 (3.2–8.4) | 14.0 (13.1–15.0) |
| 20–25 | 39.6 (38.2–41.1) | 10.0 (7.8–12.8) | 28.5 (25.2–32.0) | 36.2 (32.6–40.0) | 34.9 (29.0–41.3) | 35.9 (34.7–37.1) |
| 26–29 | 17.9 (16.8–19.0) | 23.3 (19.7–27.2) | 27.2 (24.1–30.5) | 26.1 (23.1–29.4) | 24.5 (19.7–30.1) | 20.3 (19.3–21.3) |
| 30–35 | 14.0 (12.9–15.1) | 35.2 (31.1–39.4) | 29.8 (26.5–33.3) | 19.1 (16.5–22.0) | 20.7 (16.2–26.0) | 17.5 (16.5–18.5) |
| >35 | 10.0 (9.1–10.9) | 29.8 (26.5–33.3) | 14.6 (12.0–17.7) | 11.6 (9.5–14.0) | 14.7 (10.8–19.7) | 12.2 (11.4–13.0) |
| Missing | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 (1.0–3.0) |
| Parity | ||||||
| 1 | 43.0 (41.7–44.4) | 15.4 (12.5–18.8) | 24.8 (21.7–28.2) | 30.6 (26.7–34.7) | 24.1 (19.2–29.7) | 37.3 (36.1–38.4) |
| 2–3 | 44.4 (43.0–45.7) | 63.6 (59.5–67.6) | 65.0 (61.2–68.6) | 58.8 (54.7–62.8) | 63.7 (57.6–69.3) | 50.0 (48.8–51.1) |
| 4+ | 8.54 (7.8–9.3) | 21.0 (17.6–24.9) | 10.2 (8.1–12.9) | 10.64 (8.7–13.0) | 12.3 (8.9–16.7) | 10.0 (9.3–10.7) |
| Missing | 4.1 (3.5–4.7) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.8 (2.4–3.3) |
| Education (grade) | ||||||
| ≤grade 7 | 11.0 (10.0–12.2) | 16.9 (14.8–19.2) | 15.1 (12.6–17.9) | 21.8 (17.3–27.1) | 22.1 (15.0–31.3) | 12.9 (11.9–14.0) |
| >grade 7 | 88.7 (87.5–89.7) | 83.1 (80.8–85.2) | 85.0 (82.1–87.4) | 78.2 (72.9–82.7) | 74.5 (64.9–82.3) | 82.9 (81.1–84.6) |
| Missing | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) |
| Delivery mode | ||||||
| Vaginal | 76.8 (75.4–78.1) | 71.3 (66.9–75.3) | 73.2 (69.3–76.8) | 76.8 (73.5–79.9) | 78.0 (71.9–83.1) | 76.1 (74.7–77.4) |
| C-section | 23.1 (21.8–24.4) | 28.7 (24.7–33.1) | 26.5 (22.9–30.4) | 23.2 (20.1–26.5) | 21.9 (16.8–28.0) | 23.8 (22.5–25.1) |
| Missing | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0 | 0.3 (0.1–1.1) | 0 | 0.1 (0.0–0.8) | 1.5 (0.8–2.8) |
| ANC visits | ||||||
| 1–5 | 44.6 (42.2–47.2) | 41.9 (40.0–47.0) | 38.0 (32.8–43.5) | 39.2 (35.2–43.3) | 48.4 (42.3–54.6) | 43.4 (41.0–45.8) |
| 5+ | 23.4 (21.1–25.8) | 31.7 (26.6–37.3) | 28.7 (24.4–33.5) | 26.91(23.1–31.1) | 21.7 (16.8–27.6) | 24.8 (22.5–27.2) |
| Missing | 32.0 (29.2–34.9) | 26.4 (21.8–31.5) | 33.3 (27.6–39.4) | 33.9 (28.7–39.6) | 29.9 (24.0–36.5) | 31.8 (29.0–43.8) |
| Syphilis during pregnancy | ||||||
| Positive | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 8.1 (4.8–13.1) | 7.6 (4.6–12.2) | 4.6 (2.9–7.1) | 2.6 (1.3–5.1) | 2.7 (2.0–3.6) |
| Negative | 68.3 (65.5–71.0) | 64.9 (59.0–70.4) | 66.8 (61.3–71.8) | 70.4 (66.4–74.2) | 58.1 (51.4–64.5) | 67.8 (65.1–70.3) |
| Missing | 30.6 (28.0–33.4) | 27.1 (22.2–32.6) | 25.7 (21.4–30.4) | 25.0 (21.4–28.9) | 39.24 (32.89–46.0) | 29.6 (27.1–32.2) |
| Tuberculosis during pregnancy | ||||||
| Yes | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 9.5 (7.1–12.5) | 5.1 (3.4–7.5) | 2.2 (1.2–4.1) | 1.89 (0.75–4.73) | 2.4 (2.0–2.8) |
| No | 94.5 (93.7–95.2) | 90.0 (87.0–92.4) | 94.4 (91.7–96.2) | 97.6 (95.7–98.7) | 97.88 (95.07–99.10) | 94.6 (93.9–95.2) |
| Missing | 4.2 (3.7–4.9) | 0.5 (0.1–1.6) | 0.5 (0.2–1.4) | 0.1 (0.0–0.7) | 0.23 (0.03–1.61) | 3.0 (2.6–3.5) |
| No food | 14.0 (12.4–15.7) | 18.6 (15.4–22.2) | 14.9 (10.4–20.8) | |||
| Household socio- economic quintile | ||||||
| Poorest | 15.2 (13.5–17.0) | 16.5 (13.4–20.2) | 15.1 (12.4–18.2) | 16.3 (13.5–19.6) | 21.6 (17.0–27.0) | 15.6 (14.0–17.4) |
| Second | 16.9 (15.4–18.6) | 17.6 (14.3–21.5) | 21.0 (17.8–24.7) | 20.9 (17.8–24.3) | 18.0 (13.9–23.0) | 17.8 (16.3–19.4) |
| Third | 17.8 (16.4–19.3) | 20.5 (17.2–24.2) | 21.3 (17.9–25.1) | 23.0 (19.4–27.0) | 24.0 (19.4–29.3) | 19.1 (17.8–20.5) |
| Fourth | 35.8 (33.5–38.1) | 35.2 (30.9–39.7) | 34.1 (29.6–35.2) | 30.6 (26.3–35.2) | 28.1 (22.9–33.9) | 34.7 (32.6–37.0) |
| Least poor | 14.3 (12.8–16.0) | 10.2 (7.5–13.8) | 8.6 (6.5–11.2) | 9.3 (7.0–12.2) | 8.4 (4.6–14.7) | 12.7 (11.4–14.2) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Infant | ||||||
| Male | 51.4 (50.0–52.7) | 50.5 (46.2–54.8) | 48.5 (44.2–52.8) | 54.8 (51.2–58.4) | 51.8 (46.1–57.4) | 51.4 (50.3–52.6) |
| Race | ||||||
| Black | 85.7 (83.0–88.1) | 97.3 (94.9–98.5) | 98.2 (97.1–99.0) | 96.2 (94.1–97.5) | 97.5 (94.5–98.9) | 89.3 (87.2–91.1) |
| Colored | 12.6 (10.4–15.2) | 2.7 (1.5–5.1) | 1.8 (1.0–3.0) | 3.3 (2.0–5.3) | 2.0 (0.9–4.7) | 9.5 (7.8–11.5) |
| Other | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | 0 | 0 | 0.6 (0.2–1.9) | 0.5 (0.1–3.5) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) |
| Breast feeding | ||||||
| Yes | 88.0 (86.9–89.1) | 58.2 (52.5–63.6) | 62.8 (59.1–66.4) | 65.7 (62.2–69.0) | 73.0 (66.7–78.6) | 80.6 (79.3–81.8) |
| No | 12.0 (10.9–13.1) | 41.8 (36.4–47.5) | 37.2 (33.6–40.9) | 34.3 (31.0–37.8) | 27.0 (21.4–33.3) | 19.4 (18.2–20.7) |
Abbreviations: ART: antiretroviral treatment; CI: confidence interval; HEU: HIV-exposed uninfected infants; HUU: HIV-unexposed infants; LBW: low birthweight; None: infant was not exposed to in utero antiretroviral drugs; PTD: preterm delivery; SGA: small for gestational age; UFA: underweight for age; ZDV: Zidovudine prophylaxis.