Table 6.
Weighted Multivariable Logistic Regression Models for Factors Related to Underweight for Age in (A) HIV-Exposed-Uninfected and HIV-Unexposed-Uninfected Infants combined and (B) HIV-Exposed-Uninfected Infants onlya
| Variable | HEU and HUU Combinedb | HEU Onlyc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | P Valued | aOR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| HIV exposure status | ---- | |||
| HEU | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | <.01 | ||
| HUU | Ref | |||
| ARV | .43* | |||
| Preconception ART | ---- | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | .78 | |
| ZDV | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | .64 | ||
| None | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | .12 | ||
| Postconception ART | Ref | |||
| Syphilis serology | ||||
| Positive | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | .12 | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | .05 |
| Negative | Ref | Ref | ||
| Tuberculosis | ||||
| Yes | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | <.01 | 1.8 (1.0–3.2) | .04 |
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Maternal age, years | .04* | .15* | ||
| 20–25 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | .06 | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | .34 |
| 26–29 | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | .01 | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | .30 |
| 30–35 | 0.7 (0.5;0.9) | .02 | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | .21 |
| >35 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | .48 | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | .72 |
| <20 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Parity | .33* | .62* | ||
| 2–3 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | .15 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | .52 |
| 4+ | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | .27 | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | .33 |
| 1 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Maternal education | ||||
| ≤7 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | <.01 | 1.20 (0.8–1.7) | .32 |
| >7 | Ref | Ref | ||
| ANC visits | ||||
| +5 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | .02 | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | .31 |
| 1–5 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Household socio- economic quintile | .01* | .59* | ||
| Poorest | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | .02 | 1.4 (0.8–2.7) | .25 |
| Second | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | .23 | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | .58 |
| Third | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | <.01 | 1.6 (0.8–2.9) | .16 |
| Fourth | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | .32 | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | .38 |
| Least poor | Ref | Ref | ||
| Household food insecurity | ||||
| Yes | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | .14 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | .63 |
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Delivery method | ||||
| C-section | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | <.01 | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | .03 |
| Vaginal | Ref | Ref | ||
| Infant race | <.01* | |||
| Colored | 2.2 (1.6–2.8) | <.01 | 2.6 (1.4–5.0) | <.01 |
| Other | 1.3 (0.5–3.5) | .67 | ---- | |
| Black | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Infant gender | ||||
| Male | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | .04 | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | .04 |
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Feeding | ||||
| Breastfed | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | .05 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | .56 |
| None breastfed | Ref | Ref | ||
| Diarrhea | ||||
| Yes | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) | <.01 | 1.8 (0.8–4.0) | .18 |
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; ART, antiretroviral therapy; ARV, antiretroviral drug; CI, confidence interval; HEU, HIV-exposed-uninfected; HUU, HIV-unexposed; Ref, reference category; ZDV, Zidovudine.
aThe values in the models are aOR (95% CI). Only variables that had a significant association with low birth weight in the bivariate analysis were included the final multivariable models.
bModel included 8202 HIV-exposed and -unexposed infants.
cModel included 2414 HIV-exposed-uninfected infants.
dExcept for the asterisk below, the P values in this table are t test P values. The 5% significance level was used in all analyses.
*This P value is derived from the joint hypothesis testing adjusted Wald test.