Table 1.
Type of study | Abstinence periods | Subjects | Number of subjects/samples | Volume (mL) | Concentration (106/mL) | TSC (106/ejaculate) | TMS (106/ejaculate) | Motility (%) | Progressive motility (%) | Viability (%) | Normal morphology (%) | DNA fragmentation (%) | ROS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prospective | 4 hours and 3-5 days | Volunteers | 11 | ↑ | −− | ↑ | −− | ↓ | ↓ | −− | −− | −− | −− |
Prospective | 3 hours and 96 hours | Normozoospermic | 21 | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | ↔ | −− |
Prospective | 40 minutes and 2-7 days | Oligozoospermic | 73 | ↑ | ↑ | −− | −− | −− | ↓ | −− | ↓ | −− | −− |
Prospective | 2 hours and 3-4days | Healthy | 3 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | −− | ↓ | ↔ |
Prospective | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 days | Volunteers | 10 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | −− | −− | −− | ↔ | ↑ | −− | −− |
Prospective | 1, 3, 5, and 8 days | Volunteers | 11 | ↑ | ↑ | −− | −− | ↔ | −− | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | −− |
Prospective | 1, 2, 5, 7, 9 and 11 days | Normozoospermic | 7 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | −− | ↓ | −− | ↑ | ↔ |
Prospective | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days | Normal | 36 | ↑ ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− |
Retrospective | ≤1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days | Suspected infertile | 1801 | ↑ | −− | −− | −− | ↔ | −− | ↔ | ↔ | −− | −− |
Prospective | 8 hours and 3 days | Volunteers | 7 | ↑ | ↔ | ↑ | −− | −− | −− | −− | ↔ | −− | −− |
Prospective | 12 hours and 7 days | Volunteers | 10 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | −− | ↓ | −− | −− | ↔ | −− | −− |
Prospective | 2-4, 5-7 and ˃7 days | Healthy men | 195 | ↑ | ↔ | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− |
Prospective | 2, 4, 7, 10, 15 and 18 days | Volunteers | 6 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | −− | ↔ | −− | −− | ↔ | −− | −− |
Prospective | ˂4, 4-6 and ˃6 days | Healthy | 27 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | −− | −− | −− | ↔ | −− | −− |
Prospective | 2-3 and 4-7 days | Non-azoospermic | 422 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | −− | ↓ | −− | −− |
Retrospective | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8-10 and 11-14 days | Oligozoospermic | 3506samples | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | −− | −− | ↓ | −− | −− |
Retrospective | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8-10 and 11-14 days | Normozoospermic | 5983 samples | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | −− | −− | ↔ | −− | −− |
Prospective | 2, 3, 4 and 5 days | Fertile | 500 | ↑ | ↑ | −− | −− | −− | ↓ | −− | ↔ | −− | −− |
Retrospective | ≤2 and 3-7 days | Undergoing IUI | 372 | ↑ | ↑ | −− | ↑ | ↓ | −− | ↓ | −− | −− | −− |
Prospective | 1 and 4 days | Undergoing ICSI | 40 | ↑ | −− | −− | −− | ↔ | −− | −− | −− | ↑ | −− |
Prospective | 18-30 hours and 3-5 days | Healthy | 57 | ↑ | ↑ | −− | ↔ | ↔ | −− | −− | ↑ | ↑ | −− |
Prospective | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 days | Normozoospermic | 100 samples | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | −− | ↔ | ↔ | −− | −− |
Prospective | 1 and 4 days | Planning IUI | 40 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | −− | ↔ | −− | −− | ↔ | −− | −− |
Retrospective | 2-3, 4-5 and 6-7 days | Attending Infertility Unit | 730 | ↑ | −− | ↑ | −− | −− | ↓ | ↓ | ↔ | −− | −− |
Prospective | 1 and 3-4 days | Healthy | 6 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | −− | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
Prospective | 3, 6 and 10 days | Normozoospermic | 7 | ↔ | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | −− | ↓ | ↔ | ↔ | −− | −− |
Prospective | 3, 6 and 10 days | Asthenozoospermic | 7 | ↔ | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | −− | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | −− | −− |
Retrospective | ≤3, 4-10 and ˃10 days | Undergoing IUI | 929 | −− | ↑ | −− | ↑ | −− | ↔ | −− | −− | −− | −− |
Prospective | 4 and 14 days | Nonobstructive azoospermic | 50 | −− | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− |
Prospective | 1, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days | Healthy | 4 | −− | −− | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | −− | −− |
Prospective | 1 and 3-4 days | With high DNAfragmentation levels | 35 | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | ↑ | −− |
Prospective | 1-10 days | Healthy | 36 samples | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | −− | ↔ |
TSC; Total sperm count/ejaculate, TMS; Total motile sperm/ejaculate, ROS; Reactive oxygen species, ICSI; Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, IUI; Intrauterine insemination, ↑; Increase significantly with increasing abstinence period (P≤0.05), ↓; Decrease significantly with increasing abstinence period (P≤0.05), ↔; Not significantly different, and --; Not investigated.