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. 2017 Oct 13;7:13117. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13394-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The coordinate system used throughout this work and a diagram of prism-coupled SPR solutions. The Otto configuration uses a bulk plasmonic material separated from the prism by a thin layer of a dielectric analyte. In the Kretschmann configuration, the plasmonic material is deposited as a thin film on the prism, with the dielectric analyte on top. In both cases, the prism is used to match the wavevector of the incident light to the wavevector of the surface plasmon polariton at the interface between the dielectric analyte and plasmonic material.