Table 1.

Study characteristics and normative total and block net scores for the 55–79 age range.

	Sample				Task		Iowa Gambling Task net score
	Size		Age	Education	Computorized	Compensation	Block 1		Block 2		Block 3		Block 4		Block 5		Total net score
	n	Female	M	M			M (k = 51)	SD (k = 45)	M (k = 51)	M (k = 45)	SD (k = 31)	SD (k = 45)	M (k = 51)	SD (k = 45)	M (k = 51)	SD (k = 45)	M (k = 43)	SD (k = 31)	Net outcome
MacPherson et al., 2002	30	15	69.9	12.4		–	−4.11	8.23	–0.76	10.1	−0.18	5.19	−1.01	10.18	0.39	8.74	–	–	–
Rosi et al., 2016	72	43	68.0	14.6	Yes	–	−1.92	8.99	3.78	7.98	3.78	8.22	4.75	8.99	4.00	10.4	14.39	28.9	↑
Auzou et al., 2014	18	7	68.0	1.40		–	−1.56	6.38	−1.56	5.14	−3.00	7.61	0.00	7.27	0.22	10.3	−5.24	24.9	↓
Ibarretxe-Bilbao et al., 2009	24	8	57.8	13.0	Yes	–	−1.17	3.80	1.04	4.29	9.15	5.62	12.1	6.45	14.9	6.54	36.5	22.7	↑
Mapelli et al., 2014	15	4	60.7	11.4	Yes	–	−5.27	10.3	0.03	10.2	2.98	10.1	7.20	10.27	9.89	10.9	–	–	–
Poletti et al., 2010	25	11	65.4	9.30	Yes	–	−2.33	2.61	−0.27	3.01	1.33	3.26	3.20	1.97	4.20	4.54	6.10	6.8	↑
Torralva et al., 2009	14	7	65.5	13.9	Yes	–	1.56	7.48	0.91	6.38	5.67	6.36	5.32	6.38	8.89	8.59	–	–	–
Icellioglu, 2015	30	15	66.3	9.54	Yes	No	−4.48	6.04	−0.72	5.21	3.87	3.23	1.57	5.44	1.84	6.79	3.45	12.8	↑
Schiebener and Brand, 2016	42	26	67.5	–		–	−2.50	5.41	1.45	6.65	1.14	8.17	2.10	8.79	3.74	9.50	−0.19	25.1	↓
Carvalho et al., 2012	40	30	67.4	14.7	Yes	–	−0.15	5.44	0.95	5.54	2.45	6.26	–0.15	6.67	0.55	8.37	3.93	21.6	↑
Euteneuer et al., 2009	23	11	64.4	11.7	Yes	–	−3.65	3.70	1.48	5.53	3.00	7.15	2.17	6.95	2.52	7.94	5.48	22.7	↑
Kobayakawa et al., 2008	22	9	67.6	14.4	Yes	–	1.09	3.58	0.00	4.94	0.64	5.10	3.64	4.392	1.73	6.60	4.90	2.60	↑
Bakos et al., 2008	10	9	62.0	14.1	Yes	–	0.01	–	1.23	–	2.69	–	0.84	–	4.92	–	15.4	23.1	↑
Czernecki et al., 2002	28	10	58.1	12.7	Yes	–	−4.79	3.71	0.14	6.53	0.79	8.06	5.00	9.97	6.43	10.9	7.60	4.20	↑
Balconi et al., 2014a	42	24	57.0	13.6	Yes	–	0.76	14.2	1.82	14.6	7.75	14.8	8.98	14.1	12.5	13.8	–	–	–
Caselli et al., 2011	110	77	63.4	16.4		–	−1.39	9.77	4.45	8.89	5.40	9.74	5.98	8.99	4.15	10.6	18.6	26.8	↑
Evens et al., 2015	32	9	65.3	10.7	Yes	–	−0.09	7.33	−1.44	6.61	−2.31	5.74	−1.22	6.08	−2.91	6.74	−7.31	20.8	↓
Kloeters et al., 2013	28	12	64.2	13.7	Yes	–	−1.10	8.40	2.80	7.10	5.90	9.50	7.30	9.30	4.00	8.70	18.9	28.9	↑
Smart and Krawitz, 2015	25	10	69.9	16.9	Yes	–	−0.34	0.76	2.81	7.68	7.50	16.9	6.98	15.1	3.98	9.08	–	–	–
Bertoux et al., 2013	30	15	67.2	10.7	Yes	–	−2.40	3.90	−0.13	5.70	0.80	5.80	−0.20	8.00	−1.33	7.70	−3.2	22.9	↓
Isella et al., 2008	40	22	65.4	8.70		–	−0.96	24.0	1.03	39.4	2.72	52.5	3.59	59.2	0.81	38.0	7.1	19.6	↑
Zamarian et al., 2008	52	34	69.3	–	Yes	–	−4.00	5.57	2.15	6.16	5.27	7.79	5.54	8.76	7.35	8.28	16.4	20.7	↑
Delazer et al., 2012	45	23	63.9	11.8	Yes	–	−3.44	11.5	0.56	19.2	4.79	8.26	7.90	9.74	8.77	8.84	18.4	27.54	↑
Balconi et al., 2014b	39	17	56.4	13.9	Yes	–	−0.11	0.44	1.01	0.62	3.60	0.87	5.90	0.75	8.02	0.69	–	–	–
Gleichgerrcht et al., 2012	14	7	65.5	13.9		–	1.50	7.60	0.80	6.40	5.60	6.60	5.20	6.70	8.80	8.50	21.9	19.9	↑
Torralva et al., 2007	10	6	63.5	13.5	Yes	–	1.31	8.38	0.87	6.86	5.69	7.30	5.64	7.51	8.98	9.56	22.9	–	↑
Baena et al., 2010	39	–	69.9	–	Yes	–	–0.26	13.4	2.31	14.4	3.13	16.8	1.44	17.8	2.10	16.9	1.74	15.9	↑
Sasai et al., 2012	34	13	64.0	13.0	Yes	–	–0.48	3.28	0.51	1.91	1.99	1.77	1.36	1.37	3.55	2.87	6.90	16.6	↑
Ottaviani and Vandone, 2011	114	91	59.1	–	Yes	–	–3.84	6.09	−1.95	6.98	−1.47	8.95	−1.95	8.92	−0.23	9.49	−9.44	30.3	↓
Cardoso et al., 2014	18	14	59.3	12.1	Yes	–	−0.44	5.20	3.44	6.31	7.44	7.41	6.00	9.10	5.89	9.03	23.0	19.2	↑
Schneider and Parente, 2006	40	27	68.0	–	Yes	–	−6.16	–	−2.67	–	−2.44	–	11.6	–	−0.05		–	–	–
Wagner et al., 2009	27	24	69.6	10.4	Yes	–	−0.64	–	−1.38	–	−0.57	–	−1.02	–	0.62		−17.9	17.3	↓
Manes et al., 2011	14	7	65.5	13.9		–	1.56	7.18	0.94	5.85	5.54	6.68	5.36	5.68	8.79	8.52	21.9	19.9	↑
Visagan et al., 2012	35	–	67.3	–	Yes	–	−3.71	7.56	1.31	6.51	1.31	8.98	2.51	9.53	3.60	10.3	5.29	31.35	↑
Buelow et al., 2014	13	7	69.6	15.9	Yes	–	−0.92	6.25	1.85	6.71	2.31	9.38	6.31	8.79	6.77	11.7	15.9	27.92	↑
Damholdt et al., 2011	33	15	68.1	–	Yes	–	−0.61	6.13	1.76	7.79	0.30	7.13	−0.79	8.15	−0.48	9.76	0.18	25.1	↑
Delazer et al., 2009	20	17	71.3	10.3	Yes	–	−4.79	4.57	1.63	5.69	5.72	7.22	7.75	7.14	8.07	8.26	–	–	–
Fein et al., 2007	52	34	73.7	16.2	Yes	Yes	−1.77	11.9	1.09	9.41	3.84	11.8	6.15	11.5	5.98	14.5	15.0	33.4	↑
Bayard et al., 2015	20	11	73.5	11.1	Yes	–	−2.20	3.72	1.10	4.38	2.20	7.70	3.30	8.19	4.50	9.49	8.90	26.1	↑
Wyart et al., 2016	43	17	79.3	20	Yes	–	−2.19	6.13	−0.23	8.27	2.51	8.10	4.56	11.5	4.65	13.1	9.30	30.4	↑
Evans-Roberts and Turnbull, 2010	10	6	71.5	13.6		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	29.8	20.9	↑
Bakos et al., 2008	10	9	79.6	14.1	Yes	–	–0.99	–	−3.46	–	–1.86	–	−2.26	–	−6.87	–	−14.6	6.40	↓
Caselli et al., 2011	76	54	75.5	16.1	–	–	−2.63	8.69	3.84	7.88	3.13	9.71	2.34	10.9	2.28	10.6	8.95	29.1	↑
McGovern et al., 2014	36	–	71.6	16.4	Yes	–	−3.58	12.7	2.26	8.81	4.68	9.21	3.46	9.62	0.66	9.45	–	–	–
Perretta et al., 2005	19	8	72.6	14.3	–	–	5.10	–	5.62	–	6.63	–	6.62	–	6.05	–	–	–	–
Alexopoulos et al., 2015	30	0	72.8	16.3	–	Yes	−2.60	9.87	2.60	9.01	5.67	9.61	5.60	9.79	0.87	10.9	12.1	29.4	↑
Pagonabarraga et al., 2007	31	15	70.2	9.90	Yes	–	2.00	–	0.00	–	1.00	–	2.00	–	4.00	–	6.10	17.0	↑
Zamarian et al., 2011	22	11	76.0	9.50	Yes	–	–3.55	6.01	3.91	7.29	4.36	10.6	5.00	9.23	4.55	8.86	14.3	28.8	↑
Sinz et al., 2008	22	17	75.2	10.0	Yes	–	−5.00	4.89	1.64	4.60	6.09	6.03	7.36	7.18	7.00	8.57	17.1	17.5	↑
Delpero et al., 2015	27	14	73.5	9.90	Yes	–	−1.29	2.68	1.00	2.58	4.57	6.48	3.29	6.91	3.07	6.02	–	–	–
Hot et al., 2014	32	19	75.7	–	Yes	–	−2.13	2.00	–0.56	1.26	2.56	2.81	5.19	3.24	5.94	2.88	2.2	5.89	↑
Denburg et al., 2005	40	20	70.7	–	–	Yes	–3.19	6.86	–0.74	7.21	1.03	11.9	−0.86	12.3	1.83	11.2	–	–	–
Huang et al., 2015	65	47	75.3	–	–	Yes	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–3.48	28.3	↓
Shivapour et al., 2012	116	73	73.6	15.9	Yes	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	12.1	38.0	↑
Denburg et al., 2009	79	50	74.0	15.8	Yes	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5.35	–	↑
	1,977	1,081	68.2	13.2	42	4
Normative data							−1.97	8.59	1.14	10.2	2.90	12.1	3.69	13.2	3.73	11.4	7.55	25.9