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. 2017 Jul 31;8(41):70406–70421. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.19710

Figure 8. Mitophagy/ autophagy does not restore acrolein-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damages.

Figure 8

A549 or MRC-5 cells were pretreated an autophagy inducer, rapamycin (Rapa,100 μM) or an autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ, 20 μM) for 1 h, then co-treated with Acr (A549: 75 μM; MRC-5: 25 μM) for 24 h at 37 °C. Relative viability was determined by (panels A & C) MTT assay and (panels B & D) LDH leakage assay. Panels (E-H) show the effects of autophagy inhibitors or inducers on Acr-induced DNA damages. A549 or MRC-5 cells were pretreated rapamycin (Rapa, 100 μM) or chloroquine (CQ, 20 μM) for 1 h, then co-treated with Acr (A549: 75 μM; MRC-5: 25 μM) for 6 h at 37 °C, and mtDNA and nDNA damages were analyzed (panels E & G), as described in Figure 4, and quantified as shown (panels F & H). Bar graphs show data collected from 3 independent experiments. Data are mean ± s.d.