Table 1.

Prospective studies examining the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on pregnancy outcomes (studies included in the meta-analysis)

Study (year)	Country	Event	Total number	Outcomes	Timing of exposure	Age at outcome assessment (child)	Adjusted (yes/no)
Lundsberg (2015)22	USA	191 315 274	3907	Birth weight (<2500 g) SGA (<10th percentile) Preterm birth (<37 weeks)	First trimester	Birth	Yes
Nykjaer (2014)49	UK	− − − − 23	535	Birth weight (g) Customised birth centile SGA (<10th centile) Low birth weight (<2500 g) Preterm birth (<37 weeks)	First trimester	Birth	Yes
Niclasen (2014)50	Denmark	−	10 649	10% with highest problem scores, SDQ, parent report Boys internalising behaviour Girls internalising behaviour Boys externalising behaviour Girls externalising behaviour	Entire pregnancy	7 years	Yes
Miyake33	Japan	126 185 − 202	1493	Preterm birth (<37 weeks) SGA (<10th percentile) Adjusted mean birth weight Low birth weight (<2500 g)	Between 5th and 39th weeks of pregnancy	0–11 months	Yes
McCarthy23	New Zealand, Australia, UK and Ireland	− 325 150	3166	Birth weight SGA (<10th percentile) Preterm birth (<37 weeks)	First trimester	Birth	yes
Salihu27	USA	−	−	Preterm birth (<37 weeks) SGA (<10th percentile)	Within the gestational age range 20–44 weeks	Birth	Yes
Robinson34	Australia	202	1335	Clinically significant problems (T score ≥60), CBCL Parent report Internalising behaviour Externalising behaviour	Second trimester	2–14 years inclusive	Yes
Jaddoe51	Holland; UK	− − −	4132	Low birth weight SGA (weight <−2 SD scores) Preterm birth (<37 weeks) Birth weight	Late pregnancy	Birth	Yes
Sayal52	UK	−	10 323	10% with highest problem scores, SDQ parent report Hyperactivity—externalising	First trimester	7.75 years	Yes
Sayal52	UK	−	10 323	10% with highest problem scores, SDQ parent report Conduct problems—externalising	First trimester	7.75 years	Yes
Albertsen24	Denmark	1488	29 463	Preterm birth (<37 weeks) Moderate preterm birth (32–37 weeks) Very preterm birth (<32 weeks)	During pregnancy	Birth	Yes
Lundsberg53	USA		2062	SGA (lowest 10th percentile) Low birth weight Preterm delivery (<37 weeks)	First trimester	Birth	Yes
Passaro54	UK		8886	Birth weight (g)	At booking for antenatal care (before 24 weeks gestation)	Birth	Yes
Shu55	USA		638	Birth weight (g)	Throughout pregnancy (12.9, 28 and 36 weeks gestation)	Birth	Yes
Peacock26	UK	64	901	Preterm birth (<37 weeks)	At booking for antenatal care (before 24 weeks gestation)	Birth	No
Olsen56	Denmark		8772	Birth weight (<2500 g)	During the first 36 weeks gestation	Birth	yes
Brooke21	UK		1140	Birth weight (g)	Early pregnancy	Birth	yes

CBCL, Child Behaviour Checklist; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SGA, small for gestation age.