Table 2.
Study/patient characteristic | Studies (n=29) |
Studies (%) |
Year of publication | ||
1980–1989 | 1 | 3.45 |
1990–1999 | 6 | 20.69 |
2000–2009 | 5 | 17.24 |
2010–2015 | 17 | 58.62 |
Continent (of country of study conduct) | ||
Europe | 20 | 68.97 |
North America | 5 | 17.24 |
Asia | 1 | 3.45 |
Australia | 2 | 6.90 |
Trans-Continental | 1 | 3.45 |
Study design | ||
Observational cohort | 29 | 100.00 |
Case–control | 0 | 0.00 |
Randomised clinical trial | 0 | 0.00 |
Registry study | ||
Yes | 11 | 37.93 |
No | 18 | 62.07 |
Sample size | ||
0–99 | 18 | 62.07 |
100–299 | 9 | 31.03 |
300–499 | 1 | 3.45 |
500–699 | 0 | 0.00 |
700–999 | 0 | 0.00 |
1000+ | 1 | 3.45 |
Number of interventions | ||
2 | 4 | 13.79 |
3 | 5 | 17.24 |
4 | 8 | 27.59 |
5–7 | 8 | 27.59 |
8–10 | 2 | 6.90 |
11+ | 2 | 6.90 |
Outcomes*† | ||
Cognitive developmental delay | 12 | 58.62 |
Autism/dyspraxia | 5 | 17.24 |
Language delay | 5 | 17.24 |
ADHD | 5 | 17.24 |
Psychomotor developmental delay | 11 | 37.93 |
Neonatal seizures | 2 | 6.90 |
Social impairment | 1 | 3.45 |
Funding | ||
Public | 15 | 51.72 |
Private | 0 | 0.00 |
Mixed public and private | 4 | 13.79 |
NR/unclear | 10 | 34.48 |
Treatment indication | ||
Epilepsy | 23 | 79.31 |
Mixed indications‡ | 0 | 0.00 |
NR | 6 | 20.69 |
Epileptic control group§ | ||
Yes | 15 | 51.72 |
No/NR/NA | 14 | 48.28 |
Mean maternal age (years) | ||
24–26 | 2 | 6.90 |
27–29 | 5 | 17.24 |
30+ | 4 | 13.79 |
NR | 18 | 62.07 |
AED exposure during pregnancy | ||
Reported as during first trimester | 5 | 17.24 |
Reported as any time during pregnancy | 4 | 13.79 |
During pregnancy and breast feeding | 5 | 17.24 |
NR | 15 | 51.72 |
Alcohol use during pregnancy | ||
Yes | 5 | 17.24 |
NR | 24 | 82.76 |
Tobacco use during pregnancy | ||
Yes | 7 | 24.14 |
NR | 22 | 75.86 |
*Values in this category do not match totals as some studies report more than one outcome.
†Percentage of total number of included studies (n=29).
‡Includes individuals taking AEDs for psychiatric disorders, migraine and neuropathic/neurological pain.
§Consisted of women with epilepsy who did not take AEDs during pregnancy.
ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; AED, antiepileptic drug(s); NA, not applicable; NR, not reported.