Figure 5.

Alleviation of oxidative stress by BiP/GRP78 overexpressed in C6/36 cells with dengue 2 virus (DENV2) infection. (a) In DENV2-infected C6/36 cells transfected with the BiP/GRP78-overexpressing vector, the cytosolic free calcium ([Ca²⁺]cyt) concentration induced by DENV2 infection was not significantly reduced until 48 hpi (Student's t-test; p < 0.01). (b) Significant alleviation of the change in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was shown in DENV2-infected C6/36 cells at 24 and 48 h postinfection (hpi) (Student's t-test; p < 0.01). (c) Superoxide anions that accumulated in infected C6/36 cells with BiP/GRP78 overexpression were reduced, especially at 48 hpi (Student's t-test; p < 0.05). (d) There was a similar changing trend to the situation with superoxide anions for the accumulation of H₂O₂ which was also alleviated in BiP/GRP78-overexpressing C6/36 cells (Student's t-test; p < 0.01). Green line: uninfected C6/36 cells; red line: DENV2-infected C6/36 cells.