Figure 1.

Within adversity exposure, we hypothesize that dimensions of experience can be measured which will differentially impact neurodevelopment leading reductions in academic success. First panel: While exposure to cognitive enrichment (Deprivation dimension) is likely to be reduced as a function of poverty, it may not be, thus the deprivation circle is shown as not completely overlapping with poverty. Similarly, exposure to violence or trauma is likely to be, but is not always, increased for children living in poverty. These two circles are shown as overlapping because children are sometimes exposed to both deprivation and threat. Second panel: Next we show a cartoon of the hypothesized cognitive, emotional, and neurobiological pathways through which these kinds of exposures may impact school outcomes. Third panel: In the final part of the figure we show that school outcomes are an equifinal outcome for both dimensions of exposure. Thus, examining the neurobiology is central to distinguishing the impacts of various dimensions of exposure.