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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Free Radic Biol Med. 2016 Oct 26;111:235–243. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.493

Figure -4. GSTA4-4 alters HNE –induced DNA damage and cell cycle arrest.

Figure -4

HNE-induced DNA damage signaling is mediated by sensor protein ATR/Chk1. Upon DNA damage, ATR activates the phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase, Chk1, which phosphorylates/inactivates Cdc25C. Chk1-mediated inactivation of Cdc25C and p53-independent activation of p21 both partially play a major role in deactivation of CDK1 kinase activity, leading to G2/M phase arrest by HNE. Simultaneously, HNE-induced phosphorylation of H2A.X at Ser-139 initiates the signal for the recruitment of DNA repair machinery. GSTA4-4 overexpression prevents HNE-induced DNA damage and cell cycle signaling events.