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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 16.
Published in final edited form as: Diabetologia. 2009 Aug 13;52(11):2337–2344. doi: 10.1007/s00125-009-1486-5

Table 5.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between inflammation markers (CRP [continuous, loge scale] and fibrinogen [continuous, original scale]) and HOMA-IR (continuous, loge scale)

Independent variable Dependent variable Adjustments Estimate SE p value
Cross-sectionala
 Year 7 CRP Year 7 HOMA-IR Confounders onlyb 0.1872 0.0106 <0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)c 0.0496 0.0106 <0.0001
WC (cm)d 0.0346 0.0102 0.0007
Estimated %fate 0.0476 0.0104 <0.0001
 Year 15 CRP Year 15 HOMA-IR Confounders onlyb 0.2128 0.0117 <0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)c 0.0552 0.0115 <0.0001
WC (cm)d 0.0355 0.0111 0.001
Estimated %fate 0.0504 0.0113 <0.0001
 Year 20 CRP Year 20 HOMA-IR Confounders onlyb 0.2367 0.0119 <0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)c 0.1028 0.0123 <0.0001
WC (cm)d 0.0610 0.0120 <0.0001
Estimated %fate 0.0842 0.0122 <0.0001
 Year 7 fibrinogen Year 7 HOMA-IR Confounders onlyb 0.0551 0.0029 <0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)c 0.0162 0.0029 <0.0001
WC (cm)d 0.0139 0.0028 <0.0001
Estimated %fate 0.0161 0.0028 <0.0001
 Year 20 fibrinogen Year 20 HOMA-IR Confounders onlyb 0.0412 0.0029 <0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)c 0.0109 0.0028 <0.0001
WC (cm)d 0.0048 0.0027 0.07
Estimated %fate 0.0081 0.0028 0.003
Longitudinala
 Year 7 CRP Year 15 HOMA-IR Confounders onlyb 0.1162 0.0132 <0.0001
BMI(kg/m2)c 0.0549 0.0138 <0.0001
WC (cm)d 0.0442 0.0137 0.001
Estimated %fate 0.0474 0.0137 0.0005
 Year 7 CRP Year 20 HOMA-IR Confounders onlyb 0.0861 0.0145 <0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)c 0.0410 0.0156 0.009
WC (cm)d 0.0273 0.0155 0.08
Estimated %fate 0.0276 0.0155 0.07
 Year 15 CRP Year 20 HOMA-IR Confounders onlyb 0.0728 0.0114 <0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)c 0.0398 0.0121 0.001
WC (cm)d 0.0312 0.0120 0.01
Estimated %fate 0.0370 0.0120 0.002
 Year 7 fibrinogen Year 15 HOMA-IR Confounders onlyb 0.0248 0.0036 <0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)c 0.0090 0.0038 0.02
WC (cm)d 0.0084 0.0037 0.02
Estimated %fate 0.0070 0.0037 0.06
 Year 7 fibrinogen Year 20 HOMA-IR Confounders onlyb 0.0170 0.0041 <0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)c 0.0073 0.0043 0.1
WC (cm)d 0.0052 0.0043 0.2
Estimated %fate 0.0042 0.0043 0.3
a

The estimate is the increase in the mean loge(HOMA-IR) per unit of the given inflammation marker. All covariates were measured in the same year as CRP or fibrinogen. HOMA-IR and CRP were logarithmically transformed for the purposes of analysis. Patients diagnosed with diabetes at or before the examination at which CRP/ fibrinogen was measured were excluded from the analyses

b

Model 1: adjusting for age, sex, race, study centre, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption and education. HOMA-IR measured in the same year with inflammation markers was additionally included in longitudinal analyses

c

Model 2: model 1 plus BMI

d

Model 3: model 1 plus WC

e

Model 4: model 1 plus estimated %fat