Table 1.
Profile of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure n (%)
| APASL only (n = 14) | EASL only (n = 15) | Both (n = 49) | P value3 | Total (n = 78) | |
| AGE (mean) | 53 (48-57) | 66 (61-71) | 57 (54-60) | 0.003 | 58 (55-61) |
| Race | |||||
| Chinese | 9 (64.3) | 9 (60) | 36 (73.5) | 0.171 | 54 (69.2) |
| Malay | 1 (7.1) | 2 (13.3) | 5 (10.2) | 8 (10.3) | |
| Indian | 0 | 3 (20) | 5 (10.2) | 8 (10.3) | |
| Others | 4 (28.6) | 1 (6.7) | 3 (6.1) | 8 (10.3) | |
| Male gender | 12 (85.7) | 11 (73.3) | 36 (73.5) | 0.625 | 59 (75.6) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7 (50) | 5 (33.3) | 16 (32.7) | 0.478 | 28 (35.9) |
| Cause of acute liver injury4 | |||||
| Infection | 4 (28.6) | 14 (93.3) | 28 (57.1) | 0.002 | 46 (59) |
| Hepatitis B flare | 9 (64.3) | 0 | 14 (28.6) | 0.001 | 23 (29.5) |
| Variceal bleeding | 4 (28.6) | 2 (13.3) | 13 (26.5) | 0.535 | 19 (24.4) |
| Unknown cause | 2 (14.3) | 1 (6.7) | 8 (16.3) | 0.642 | 11 (14.1) |
| Alcohol | 1 (7.1) | 0 | 5 (10.2) | 0.429 | 6 (7.7) |
| TCM | 1 (7.1) | 0 | 5 (10.2) | 0.429 | 6 (7.7) |
| TIPSS | 0 | 0 | 1 (2) | 0.741 | 1 (1.3) |
| Underlying chronic liver disease | |||||
| Hepatitis B | 11 (78.6) | 1 (6.7) | 22 (44.9) | < 0.0001 | 34 (43.6) |
| Alcohol | 2 (14.3) | 3 (20) | 11 (22.4) | 0.799 | 16 (20.5) |
| Cryptogenic | 0 | 3 (20) | 6 (12.2) | 0.234 | 9 (11.5) |
| Hepatitis C | 0 | 2 (13.3) | 3 (6.1) | 0.339 | 5 (6.4) |
| NASH | 0 | 2 (13.3) | 2 (4.1) | 0.23 | 4 (5.1) |
| Hepatitis B + alcohol | 1 (7.1) | 0 | 1 (2) | 0.444 | 2 (2.6) |
| Others1 | 0 | 4 (26.7) | 5 (10.2) | 0.072 | 9 (11.5) |
| Liver cirrhosis | 6 (42.9) | 15 (100) | 49 (100) | < 0.0001 | 70 (89.7) |
| HCC (Milan’s criteria) | 0 | 1 (6.7) | 4 (8.2) | 0.627 | 5 (6.4) |
| Other cancers2 | 0 | 1 (6.7) | 4 (8.2) | 5 (6.4) | |
| No malignancy | 14 (100) | 13 (86.7) | 41 (83.7) | 68 (87.2) | |
| Previous decompensation | 4 (28.6) | 10 (66.7) | 20 (43.5) | 0.11 | 34 (45.3) |
Other chronic liver diseases include Wilson's disease, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, Congenital fibrosis, Drug-induced chronic liver disease and autoimmune liver disease;
Other cancers: Colon cancer, renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer and ovarian cancer;
P-value of comparison of patients falling under APASL, EASL and both criteria;
Patients may have more than one cause of acute liver injury. TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine; TIPSS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; APASL: Asia-Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver; EASL: European Association for the Study of the Liver.