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. 2017 Oct 16;7:13300. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13369-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Surface and intramuscular EMG detection and analysis. (A) schematic illustration of the positioning of intramuscular and surface electrodes. Almost the whole gastrocnemius muscle was covered proximo-distally by 32 surface electrodes. With the guidance of ultrasound scanning (right panel), wire electrodes were inserted into gastrocnemius and soleus, roughly beneath the parasagittal section defined by the surface electrodes. (B) examples of intramuscular EMGs collected from both muscles and a single, differential surface recording (5 mm inter-electrode distance) are shown. Grey traces in the bottom left correspond to short (60 ms) epochs of surface EMGs triggered with the firing instants of a motor unit identified from the gastrocnemius, intramuscular EMG (cf. short horizontal bars underneath large spikes). These epochs were then averaged, producing the spike, triggered average representation of the motor unit action potential in the surface EMG (black trace; cf. Methods). An example of the surface representation of a motor unit from soleus is shown in the right bottom panel.