Table 2.

Effects of prenatal VPA exposure and sex on brain connectivity in rats estimated by sparse inverse covariance estimation.

Connectivity	Strength		P
Decreased by VPA treatment	VPA-treated	Control
Olfactory bulb (IC38) ↔ nucleus accumbens, left (IC24)	0	0.04	<0.001
Somatosensory cortex (IC30) ↔ insular cortex, and motor cortex (IC35)	0	0.53	<0.001
Olfactory bulb (IC38) ↔ medulla (IC2)	0	0.28	0.003
Cerebellum (IC1) ↔ nucleus accumbens, left (IC24)	0	0.23	0.005
Increased by VPA treatment	VPA-treated	Control
Olfactory bulb (IC38) ↔ orbitofrontal cortex, and cerebellum (IC10)	0.33	0	<0.001
Decreased in males	Male	Female
Visual cortex (IC5) ↔ auditory cortex (IC12)	0	0.61	<0.001
Orbitofrontal cortex, right, and caudoputamen, right (IC26) ↔ caudoputamen, and olfactory bulb, left (IC28)	0	0.56	0.003
Olfactory bulb, right, and caudoputamen, right (IC14) ↔ cingulate cortex, and cerebellum, left (IC15)	0	0.62	0.004
More increased in males than in females by VPA treatment: [(male − female) × (VPA-treated - control)]	Male	Female
Anterodorsal hippocampus (IC6) ↔ caudoputamen (IC21)	0.43	0	<0.001
Medulla (IC2) ↔ insular cortex, and motor cortex (IC35)	0.31	0	<0.001
Less increased in males than in females by VPA treatment: [(female − male) × (VPA-treated - control)]	Male	Female
Retrosplenial cortex (IC17) ↔ nucleus accumbens, right, and orbitofrontal cortex, right (IC25)	0	0.55	0.003
Visual cortex (IC5) ↔ cingulate cortex, and cerebellum, left (IC15)	0	0.32	0.005
Superior and inferior colliculus, left, and retrosplenial cortex (IC11) ↔ caudoputamen, and olfactory bulb, left (IC28)	0	0.40	0.01

A FDR ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. VPA, valproic acid; IC. Independent component.