Table 1. Summary of the effect on sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) reduction using different strategies.
| Method | SDF Relative reduction | SDF assay | Study |
|---|---|---|---|
| Short abstinence | 25% | SCD | Gosálvez et al., 2011; |
| 22% | TUNEL | Agarwal et al. 2016 | |
| Gradient centrifugation | 22%–44%* | SCD | Gosálvez et al., 2011 |
| 56.6% | SCD | Xue et al., 2014 | |
| Swim-up | 33.3% | SCD | Parmegiani et al., 2010 |
| 38.1% | SCD | Xue et al., 2014 | |
| MACS | 26.7% | TUNEL | Tsung-Hsein et al., 2010 |
| None | TUNEL | Nadalini et al., 2014 | |
| PICSI | 67.9% | SCD | Parmegiani et al., 2010 |
| None | SCSA | Rashki Ghaleno et al., 2016 | |
| IMSI | 78.1% | TUNEL | Hammoud et al., 2013 |
| None | SCD | Maettner et al., 2014 | |
| Testicular sperm | 79.7% | SCD | Esteves et al., 2015 |
| 79.6% | TUNEL | Greco et al., 2005 | |
| 66.5% | TUNEL | Moskovtsev et al., 2010 |
*Combined with frequent ejaculation and short ejaculatory abstinence. MACS, Magnetic-activated cell sorting; PICSI, ‘Physiologic ICSI’ with hyaluronic acid (HA) binding assay; IMSI, Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection; TUNEL, terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) assay; SCD, sperm chromatin dispersion test; SCSA: sperm chromatin structure assay.