Table 1. Summary of the effect on sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) reduction using different strategies. Reprint with permission from Esteves et al. (17).

Method	SDF relative reduction (%)	SDF assay	Study
Short abstinence	25	SCD	Gosálvez et al., 2011
	22	TUNEL	Agarwal et al., 2016
Gradient centrifugation	22–44*	SCD	Gosálvez et al., 2011
	56.6	SCD	Xue et al., 2014
Swim-up	33.3	SCD	Parmegiani et al., 2010
	38.1	SCD	Xue et al., 2014
MACS	26.7	TUNEL	Tsung-Hsein et al., 2010
	None	TUNEL	Nadalini et al., 2014
PICSI	67.9	SCD	Parmegiani et al., 2010
	None	SCSA	Rashki Ghaleno et al., 2016
IMSI	78.1	TUNEL	Hammoud et al., 2013
	None	SCD	Maettner et al., 2014
Testicular sperm	79.7	SCD	Esteves et al., 2015
	79.6	TUNEL	Greco et al., 2005
	66.5	TUNEL	Moskovtsev et al., 2010

*, combined with frequent ejaculation and short ejaculatory abstinence. MACS, magnetic-activated cell sorting; PICSI, physiologic intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IMSI, intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection; TUNEL, terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling; SCD, sperm chromatin dispersion; SCSA, sperm chromatin structure assay.