Hydrodynamic injection of 15 µg of biotinylated p3NF-CMV-luc-3NF conjugated with streptavidin (pDNA-STR) or biotinylated p3NF-CMV-luc-3NF conjugated bio-P79-98 linked to streptavidin (pDNA-P4) was performed in the tail vein of CD1-Swiss mice (six mice each). Mice were injected in less than 8 s via the tail vein with polyplexes in 2.5 ml of isotonic NaCl + 5% glucose. Three days post-injection, mice were anaesthetized by isofluran inhalation then killed by cervical dislocation. The liver was removed, crushed in passive lysis buffer (Promega, Charbonnières Les Bains, France) using the gentle MACS dissociator (Miltenyi Biotech, Paris, France). After centrifugation of homogenates, the luciferase activity was measured and expressed as RLU per mg of proteins. p3NF-CMVLuc-3NF (5556 bp) encoding the firefly luciferase cassette under the control of a CMV promoter and containing 3NF sequences recognized by NFκB was constructed from p3NF-Luc-3NF [78] by replacing pTAL promoter by CMV promoter.