Table 3.
Health-related quality of life of influenza outpatients
| n | VAS | Health utility | QALD loss a | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) |
Multiple linear regression (95% CI) b |
Mean (SD) |
Median (IQR) |
Multiple linear regression (95% CI) b |
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Multiple linear regression (95% CI) b |
||
| Total | 529 | 68.93 (19.08) |
70.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
0.6142 (0.2006) | 0.6430 (0.5630,0.7350) | 1.62 (1.84) | 1.09 (0.46,2.04) | |||
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||
| 0–4 | 122 | 71.39 (20.06) |
75.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
Reference | 0.6286 (0.1963) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | Reference | 1.72 (1.84) | 1.48 (0.65,2.15) | Reference |
| 5–15 | 246 | 69.65 (18.40) |
70.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
−2.56 (−6.79, 1.80) |
0.6216 (0.1921) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7290) | −0.0119 (−0.0525, 0.0332) |
1.47 (1.53) | 1.09 (0.50,1.98) | −0.13 (−0.52, 0.20) |
| 16–59 | 146 | 65.53 (19.71) |
70.00 (50.00, 80.00) |
−5.88 (−10.73, −0.94)f |
0.5939 (0.2165) | 0.6430 (0.4575,0.7290) | −0.0329 (−0.0840, 0.0175) |
1.77 (2.31) | 0.92 (0.40,2.33) | 0.13 (−0.33, 0.66) |
| ≥ 60 | 15 | 70.33 (10.77) |
70.00 (65.00, 72.50) |
0.22 (−6.55, 7.65) |
0.5733 (0.2109) | 0.6430 (0.4130,0.7290) | −0.0424 (−0.1525, 0.0760) |
1.84 (1.47) | 1.27 (0.92,3.00) | 0.01 (−0.79, 0.84) |
| Gender | p = 0.0041 | p = 0.0441 | ||||||||
| Female | 248 | 67.05 (20.51) |
70.00 (50.00, 80.00) |
Reference | 0.584 (0.2164) | 0.6430 (0.4510,0.7290) | Reference | 1.79 (1.95) | 1.30 (0.52,2.17) | Reference |
| Male | 281 | 70.59 (17.58) |
70.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
3.26 (−0.01, 6.39) |
0.6408 (0.1818) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | 0.0565 (0.0216, 0.0900)f |
1.47 (1.73) | 1.09 (0.39,1.98) | −0.32 (−0.62, −0.02)f |
| Risk status c | p = 0.0097 | p < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Low-risk | 412 | 69.88 (18.87) |
70.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
Reference | 0.6267 (0.1948) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | Reference | 1.42 (1.63) | 0.95 (0.39,1.98) | Reference |
| High-risk | 117 | 65.58 (19.50) |
70.00 (50.00, 80.00) |
−4.36 (−8.20, −0.55)f |
0.5698 (0.2147) | 0.6430 (0.3650,0.7290) | −0.0573 (−0.1029, −0.0158)f |
2.33 (2.32) | 1.74 (0.88,2.87) | 0.87 (0.51, 1.39)f |
| Area | ||||||||||
| Urban | 438 | 68.28 (19.49) |
70.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
Reference | 0.6075 (0.2041) | 0.6430 (0.5432,0.7290) | Reference | 1.67 (1.89) | 1.16 (0.50,2.07) | Reference |
| Rural | 91 | 72.09 (16.68) |
75.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
2.71 (−1.84, 6.50) |
0.646 (0.1802) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | 0.0339 (−0.0080, 0.0728) |
1.40 (1.56) | 0.92 (0.39,1.97) | −0.26 (−0.63, 0.13) |
| Region | p = 0.0373 | |||||||||
| East China | 271 | 68.79 (19.43) |
70.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
Reference | 0.6162 (0.1905) | 0.6430 (0.5440,0.7290) | Reference | 1.53 (1.80) | 1.09 (0.43,1.99) | Reference |
| Central China | 122 | 69.48 (19.56) |
70.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
0.08 (−4.43, 4.21) |
0.6298 (0.217) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7470) | 0.0064 (−0.0404, 0.0512) |
1.50 (1.80) | 1.09 (0.16,2.03) | 0.01 (−0.32, 0.48) |
| West China | 136 | 68.74 (18.04) |
70.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
−1.26 (−4.87, 2.77) |
0.596 (0.2051) | 0.6430 (0.5372,0.7290) | −0.0287 (−0.0705, 0.0082) |
1.92 (1.94) | 1.37 (0.65,2.52) | 0.45 (0.11, 0.89)f |
| Hospital d | ||||||||||
| Level 3 | 298 | 67.23 (19.67) |
70.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
Reference | 0.6006 (0.2171) | 0.6430 (0.4922,0.7335) | Reference | 1.82 (2.13) | 1.30 (0.46,2.17) | Reference |
| Level 2 | 119 | 71.18 (17.39) |
70.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
3.61 (−0.53, 7.19) |
0.6364 (0.1575) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | 0.0259 (−0.0160, 0.0625) |
1.23 (1.10) | 0.92 (0.48,1.6) | −0.46 (−0.80, −0.15)f |
| Level 1 and lower | 112 | 71.06 (18.89) |
72.50 (60.00, 85.00) |
2.96 (−1.50, 7.42) |
0.6266 (0.1944) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | 0.0188 (−0.0250, 0.0607) |
1.51 (1.56) | 1.11 (0.49,2.07) | −0.25 (−0.63, 0.08) |
| Virus type | ||||||||||
| Untyped e | 307 | 67.59 (19.59) |
70.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
Reference | 0.6072 (0.2052) | 0.6430 (0.5440,0.7350) | Reference | 1.67 (1.92) | 1.09 (0.50,2.04) | Reference |
| Influenza A | 164 | 70.21 (17.98) |
70.00 (60.00, 80.00) |
3.22 (−0.60, 6.54) |
0.6242 (0.1889) | 0.6430 (0.5430,0.7350) | 0.0217 (−0.0147, 0.0580) |
1.56 (1.79) | 1.11 (0.39,2.17) | −0.11 (−0.45, 0.24) |
| Influenza B | 58 | 72.41 (18.95) |
70.00 (60.00, 85.00) |
4.31 (−1.54, 9.36) |
0.6227 (0.21) | 0.7290 (0.5690,0.7290) | 0.0137 (−0.0489, 0.0639) |
1.54 (1.54) | 0.92 (0.52,1.95) | −0.12 (−0.55, 0.32) |
a QALD: quality-adjusted life days
b Compared to the reference, absolute increase or decrease of the VAS, health utility and/or QALD loss. And we obtained the bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) bootstrap percentile confidence interval using the R function “boot.ci”
c Risk status: high risk patients refer to those with underlying medical conditions including: chronic respiratory disease, asthma, chronic cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic liver disease, and chronic renal disease, etc. Other patients without these underlying diseases are low risk patients
d Level 3 is the top level, followed by level 2 and level 1 in order
e Untyped: Laboratory tests for influenza virus type identification were not conducted
f p < 0.05: significant differences