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. 2017 Oct 16;14:204. doi: 10.1186/s12974-017-0978-3

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Effects of Th1- and Th17-derived factors on the expression of neurotrophic factors in astrocytes. RT-PCR analysis of RNA isolated from astrocytes treated with medium and Th1 or Th17 supernatants for nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mRNA. Changes in mRNA expression levels were calculated after normalization to hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT)1. The results are represented as fold changes which were calculated by using the ΔΔCt method (i.e., normalizing the ΔCt values obtained from subjects (Th1 or Th17 treated) to those from medium controls). The results are mean ± SEM with *p ≤ 0.05 and **p ≤ 0.01 of a minimum of four independent experiments (n = 4)