Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study subjects
| Parameter | Shift work | Day work | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| No | 870 | 862 | |
| Age (years) (n, %) | |||
| 25–40 | 338 (38.9) | 354 (41.1) | 0.35 |
| 40–50 | 411 (47.2) | 365 (42.3) | 0.04 |
| 50–60 | 113 (13.0) | 122 (14.2) | 0.48 |
| > 60 | 8 (0.9) | 21 (2.4) | 0.02 |
| Alcohol use (n, %) | |||
| Never | 470 (54.0) | 501 (58.1) | 0.09 |
| Former | 25 (2.9) | 20 (2.3) | 0.47 |
| Current | 375 (43.1) | 341 (39.6) | 0.13 |
| Smoking (n, %) | |||
| Never | 404 (46.4) | 506 (58.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Former | 104 (12.0) | 101 (11.7) | 0.88 |
| Current | 362 (41.6) | 255 (29.6) | < 0.0001 |
| Betel quid use (n, %) | |||
| Never | 636 (73.1) | 747 (86.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Former | 94 (10.8) | 43 (5.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Current | 140 (16.1) | 72 (8.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Physical exercise in the past month (n, %) | |||
| Hardly ever | 225 (25.9) | 127 (14.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Once | 86 (9.9) | 87 (10.1) | 0.91 |
| Twice or more | 559 (64.3) | 648 (75.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Poor sleep (n, %) | |||
| Almost never | 600 (69.0) | 683 (79.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Sometimes | 181 (20.8) | 122 (14.2) | 0.002 |
| Often or almost always | 89 (10.2) | 57 (6.6) | 0.02 |
| Central obesity (n, %) | 338 (38.9) | 292 (33.9) | 0.03 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 436 (50.1) | 353 (41.1) | 0.0002 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia (n, %) | 315 (36.2) | 271 (31.4) | 0.04 |
| Low–high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (n, %) | 224 (25.8) | 224 (26.0) | 0.91 |
| Dysglycemia (n, %) | 300 (34.5) | 288 (33.4) | 0.64 |
| Metabolic syndrome (n, %) | 276 (31.7) | 233 (27.0) | 0.03 |