Table 1.

Physiological characteristics of ten Penicillium species cultivated in 1 L bioreactors in DM and CM

Species	Biomass yield growth phase (Ysx) DM (g DW/g glucose)	Lag phase DM (h)	Morphology DM	Lag phase CM (h)	Morphology CM
P. flavigenum	0.58 ± 0.05	14.3 ± 0.5	Small clumps/dispersed	10.9 ± 0.3	Dispersed
P. nalgiovense	0.60 ± 0.17	22.5 ± 0.8	Dispersed	14.5 ± 0.1	Dispersed
P. coprophilum	0.37 ± 0.03	23.3 ± 0.6	Pellet	12.2 ± 0.6	Dispersed
P. decumbens	0.55 ± 0.02	17.8 ± 0.9	Dispersed	13.8 ± 0.2	Dispersed
P. vulpinum	0.54 ± 0.14	37.6 ± 1.4	Pellet + clumps + wall	18.3 ± 0.2	Dispersed
P. polonicum	0.25 ± 0.01	30.3 ± 1.7	Wall growth	11.3 ± 0.1	Dispersed
P. antarcticum	0.58 ± 0.03	19.7 ± 0.2	Dispersed	12.5 ± 0.1	Dispersed
P. steckii	0.37 ± 0.02	10.9 ± 2.3	Pellet + wall growth	13.5 ± 0.2	Dispersed
P. solitum	0.29 ± 0.13	19.9 ± 1.2	Pellet + wall growth	9.9 ± 0.2	Dispersed
P. arizonense	0.67 ± 0.04	21.4 ± 0.4	Dispersed	14.0 ± 0.8	Dispersed

Biomass yield on glucose (g DW/g glucose), duration of lag phase (h) and observed morphology at the time point where the CO₂ was at its maximum