Figure 2.

a) CONP (100 µg mL⁻¹) internalization to H₂O₂ (500 × 10⁻⁶ m)‐insulted cortical neurons, visualized by TEM; right is a magnified image of a red box in left. Black arrows indicate CONPs (N: nucleus, M: mitochondria, V: vesicle). b–e) Effects of CONP administration to H₂O₂‐modeled cortical neurons in vitro: Neuronal viability, after H₂O₂ treatment at varying doses of 50 × 10⁻⁶ m to 1000 × 10⁻⁶ m for 30 or 60 min, is reduced dose‐dependently (b); *p < 0.05 compared with control by Mann–Whitney U test. Administration of CONP at varying concentrations of 1–4000 µg mL⁻¹ to the H₂O₂‐insulted neurons recovers the cell viability (c); H₂O₂ varied at 100 × 10⁻⁶ m, 250 × 10⁻⁶ m, or 500 × 10⁻⁶ m; *p < 0.05 compared with control by Mann–Whitney U test. In vitro iNOS generation assay (d, e); representative images of anti‐iNOS (red) and anti‐SMI312 (green) positive cortical neurons (scale bar = 20 µm), and the relative intensity of anti‐iNOS levels following 500 × 10⁻⁶ m H₂O₂‐treatment and the concomitant application of various concentrations of CONPs; *p < 0.05 compared with untreated control group, and **p < 0.05 compared with H₂O₂‐treated group, by Kruskal–Wallis test with Bonferroni correction.