Table 3.

Univariate analysis for association between awareness of DR and selected variables

Variable	Aware, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Gender
Male	114 (87.7)	0.9	0.795
Female	95 (88.8)	(0.406–1.996)
Education
None	20 (70.4)	4.86	0.003*
Elementary school	40 (86.7)	(1.421–16.633)
High school	72 (86.7)
More than high school	77 (96.2)
Duration of DM
≤5 years	90 (88.2)	0.766	0.792
6–10 years	70 (89.7)	(0.318–1.846)
≥11 years	49 (87.5)
Family history of DM
Yes	156 (89.7)	1.625	0.25
No	53 (84.1)	(0.706–3.739)
Blood glucose control
Good	165 (87.2)	0.607	0.374
Bad	45 (91)	(0.2–1.841)

Note:

^*Statistical significance based on non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; DR, diabetic retinopathy; OR, odds ratio.