Table 2.
Most commonly encountered PIMs according to the Beers 2015 criteria
| Beers 2015 criteria PIMs (N=407)
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Drugs that should be avoided | n=265 | % | |
| Anticholinergics | Chlorpheniramine | 3 | 1.1 |
| Promethazine | 1 | 0.4 | |
| Antispasmodics | Belladonna alkaloids | 2 | 0.8 |
| Cardiovascular | Doxazosin | 14 | 5.3 |
| Terazosin | 14 | 5.3 | |
| Digoxin | 8 | 3.0 | |
| Amiodarone | 4 | 1.5 | |
| Antipsychotics | Olanzapine | 4 | 1.5 |
| Benzodiazepines | Alprazolam (1), estazolam (63), lorazepam (10), clonazepam (4), and diazepam (1) | 79 | 29.8 |
| Benzodiazepine receptor agonist hypnotics | Eszopiclone (4) and zolpidem (18) | 22 | 8.3 |
| Gastrointestinal | Metoclopramide | 2 | 0.8 |
| Proton-pump inhibitors | 111 | 41.9 | |
| NSAIDs | Ibuprofen | 1 | 0.4 |
|
| |||
| Drug–disease or drug–syndrome interaction | n=13 | % | |
|
| |||
| Dementia or cognitive impairment | Estazolam | 3 | 23.1 |
| Zolpidem | 5 | 38.5 | |
| History of falls or fractures | Midazolam | 1 | 7.7 |
| Diazepam | 1 | 7.7 | |
| History of gastric or duodenal ulcers | Ibuprofen | 2 | 15.4 |
| Lysine acetylsalicylate | 1 | 7.7 | |
|
| |||
| Drugs that should be used with caution | n=122 | % | |
|
| |||
| Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiac events | 1 | 0.8 | |
| Dabigatran | 25 | 20.5 | |
| Diuretics | 89 | 73.0 | |
| Carbamazepine | 1 | 0.8 | |
| Mirtazapine | 4 | 3.3 | |
| Olanzapine | 1 | 0.8 | |
| Carboplatin | 1 | 0.8 | |
|
| |||
| Drugs that should be avoided or reduced with impaired kidney function | n=6 | % | |
|
| |||
| Spironolactone | 2 | 33.3 | |
| Famotidine | 4 | 66.7 | |
|
| |||
| Drug–drug interactions that should be avoided | n=1 | % | |
|
| |||
| Flupentixol/melitracen, paroxetine with zolpidem, and olanzapine | 1 | 100 | |
Abbreviations: NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PIM, potentially inappropriate medications.