Table 2.
Beers 2015 criteria PIMs (N=407)
| |||
---|---|---|---|
Drugs that should be avoided | n=265 | % | |
Anticholinergics | Chlorpheniramine | 3 | 1.1 |
Promethazine | 1 | 0.4 | |
Antispasmodics | Belladonna alkaloids | 2 | 0.8 |
Cardiovascular | Doxazosin | 14 | 5.3 |
Terazosin | 14 | 5.3 | |
Digoxin | 8 | 3.0 | |
Amiodarone | 4 | 1.5 | |
Antipsychotics | Olanzapine | 4 | 1.5 |
Benzodiazepines | Alprazolam (1), estazolam (63), lorazepam (10), clonazepam (4), and diazepam (1) | 79 | 29.8 |
Benzodiazepine receptor agonist hypnotics | Eszopiclone (4) and zolpidem (18) | 22 | 8.3 |
Gastrointestinal | Metoclopramide | 2 | 0.8 |
Proton-pump inhibitors | 111 | 41.9 | |
NSAIDs | Ibuprofen | 1 | 0.4 |
| |||
Drug–disease or drug–syndrome interaction | n=13 | % | |
| |||
Dementia or cognitive impairment | Estazolam | 3 | 23.1 |
Zolpidem | 5 | 38.5 | |
History of falls or fractures | Midazolam | 1 | 7.7 |
Diazepam | 1 | 7.7 | |
History of gastric or duodenal ulcers | Ibuprofen | 2 | 15.4 |
Lysine acetylsalicylate | 1 | 7.7 | |
| |||
Drugs that should be used with caution | n=122 | % | |
| |||
Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiac events | 1 | 0.8 | |
Dabigatran | 25 | 20.5 | |
Diuretics | 89 | 73.0 | |
Carbamazepine | 1 | 0.8 | |
Mirtazapine | 4 | 3.3 | |
Olanzapine | 1 | 0.8 | |
Carboplatin | 1 | 0.8 | |
| |||
Drugs that should be avoided or reduced with impaired kidney function | n=6 | % | |
| |||
Spironolactone | 2 | 33.3 | |
Famotidine | 4 | 66.7 | |
| |||
Drug–drug interactions that should be avoided | n=1 | % | |
| |||
Flupentixol/melitracen, paroxetine with zolpidem, and olanzapine | 1 | 100 |
Abbreviations: NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PIM, potentially inappropriate medications.