Table 3.
Beta for the effect of dietary intake on change in body size or metabolic factor (n = 585) a
| Change c in variable | EI decrease
b
, per 100 kcal/day |
High-fat versus low-fat diet |
Change
b
in fat%, per 5 units |
Change
b
in prot%, per 5 units |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic model d | Basic model d + adj for EI change e | Basic model d + adj for EI change e | Basic model d + adj for EI change e | ||||
| Weight, | −0.08 | 0.44 | 0.36 | 0.08 | 0.04 | −0.36 | −0.13 |
| kg | p < 0.001 f | p = 0.1 | p = 0.2 | p = 0.2 | p = 0.5 | p = 0.07 | p = 0.5 |
| Fat mass, | −0.06 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.05 | −0.23 | −0.05 |
| kg | p = 0.005 | p = 0.2 | p = 0.2 | p = 0.2 | p = 0.4 | p = 0.2 | p = 0.8 |
| Fat-free mass, | −0.03 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.04 |
| kg | p = 0.04 g | p = 0.5 | p = 0.6 | p = 0.9 | p = 0.7 | p = 0.6 | p = 0.8 |
| Waist circumference, | −0.07 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.00 | −0.03 | −0.30 | −0.09 |
| cm | p = 0.02 | p = 0.2 | p = 0.3 | p = 1.0 | p = 0.7 | p = 0.3 | p = 0.8 |
| Plasma glucose, | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.01 |
| mmol/l | p = 1.0 | p = 0.8 | p = 0.8 | p = 0.5 | p = 0.5 | p = 0.8 | p = 0.7 |
| Serum insulin, | 0.05 | 2.58 | 2.59 | −0.16 | −0.14 | 1.95 | 2.04 |
| pmol/l | p = 0.8 | p = 0.3 | p = 0.3 | p = 0.8 | p = 0.8 | p = 0.3 | p = 0.3 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| p = 0.8 | p = 0.3 | p = 0.3 | p = 0.7 | p = 0.7 | p = 0.2 | p = 0.3 | |
| Free fatty acids, | 0.72 | −8.75 | −7.73 | −0.05 | 0.25 | −6.68 | −10.0 |
| µmol/l | p = 0.5 | p = 0.4 | p = 0.5 | p = 1.0 | p = 0.9 | p = 0.4 | p = 0.3 |
| Triglycerides, | −7.30 | −79.3 | −86.9 | −21.1 | −24.8 | −36.7 | −17.0 |
| µmol/l | p = 0.006 | p = 0.009 | p = 0.004 | p = 0.002 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.1 h | p = 0.5 h |
| Total cholesterol, | −0.01 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.08 | −0.06 |
| mmol/l | p = 0.009 | p = 0.002 | p = 0.003 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.01 | p = 0.1 |
| LDL/HDL ratio | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.03 | −0.02 |
| p = 0.3 | p = 0.8 | p = 0.7 | p = 0.8 | p = 0.9 | p = 0.4 | p = 0.6 | |
EI = Energy intake; adj = adjusted; fat% = percent energy intake from fat; prot% = percent energy intake from protein.
Data were missing or extreme values were excluded for: fat mass, 20 participants; fat-free mass, 23; waist circumference, 4; glucose, 4; insulin, 11; HOMA-IR, 11; free fatty acids, 1; triglycerides, 6; cholesterol, 2; LDL/HDL ratio, 10.
Difference between reported intake at baseline (day 1 + day 2 + day 3) / 3 and at week 2 and/or 5, and week 10 ((week 2 + week 5) / 2) + ((week 10, day 1 + day 2 + day 3) / 3) / 2.
Difference between baseline and after the intervention.
Adjusted for the baseline body size or metabolic factor of interest, sex, baseline body size/metabolic factor × sex, age, and centre. High-fat versus low-fat diet was additionally adjusted for baseline fat%.
Basic model with additional adjustment for change in energy intake.
Non-linear association, p = 0.02. Beta in categories: increased energy intake, 0.34 p = 0.5; 0−500 kcal/day decrease, 0 (reference); 500−1 000 kcal/day decrease, −0.97, p = 0.003; >1,000 kcal/day decrease, −0.90, p = 0.5.
Non-linear association, p = 0.02. Beta in categories: increased energy intake, 0.40 p = 0.2; 0−500 kcal/day decrease, 0 (reference); 500−1,000 kcal/day decrease, −0.12, p = 0.6; >1,000 kcal/day decrease, −0.28, p = 0.2.
Non-linear association, p = 0.02. Beta in categories: >5 prot% decrease, 190, p = 0.01 (EI adj, 158, p = 0.03); 0−5 prot% decrease, 44.3 p = 0.2 (EI adj, 24.9, p = 0.5); 0−5 prot% increase, 0 (reference); >5 prot% increase, 61.4, p = 0.2 (EI adj, 83.0, p = 0.08).