Table 1.

The DSM-IV-TR criteria for substance dependence [25]

1) Substance taken in larger amount and for longer period than intended

2) Persistent desire or repeated unsuccessful attempts to quit

3) Much time/activity to obtain, use, recover

4) Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced

5) Use continues despite knowledge of adverse consequences (e.g., failure to fulfil role obligation, use when physically hazardous)

6) Tolerance (marked increase in amount; marked decrease in effect)

7) Characteristic withdrawal symptoms; substance taken to relieve withdrawal

8) Use causes clinically significant impairment or distress