Table 1.
Changes of the physical fitness and body composition parameters over the 8-month intervention period a
| IG |
CG |
all |
ANOVA, p value |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | pre | 5 weeks | 3 months | post | n | pre | 5 weeks | 3 months | post | pre | 5 weeks | 3 months | post | main effect: time | main effect: sex | interaction: time × group | |
| Body weight, kg | 16 | 105.5 ± 20.0 | 103.7 ± 20.3* | 101.7 ± 20.6* t–5 | 102.2 ± 20.8* | 16 | 103.2 ± 15.1 | 102.4 ± 14.6 | 100.4 ± 13.8 # t-pre | 100.3 ± 14.2 t–5 | 104.3 ± 17.5 | 103.0 ± 17.5* | 101.1 ± 17.3* # | 101.3 ± 17.5* # | 0.005 | 0.990 | 0.376 |
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| BMI, kg/m2 | 16 | 37.9 ± 8.1 | 37.2 ± 8.1* | 36.5 ± 8.0* | 36.6 ± 7.9* | 16 | 36.3 ± 4.2 | 36.0 ± 4.4 | 35.4 ± 4.2 | 35.4 ± 4.6 | 37.1 ± 6.4 | 36.6 ± 6.5* | 35.9 ± 6.3* # | 36.0 ± 6.4* # | 0.018 | 0.977 | 0.438 |
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| Fat mass, % | 16 | 44.7 ± 8.9 | 45.3 ± 9.0 | 44.5 ± 8.9 | 44.1 ± 8.5 # | 16 | 42.4 ± 7.9 | 42.0 ± 8.9 | 41.6 ± 9.3 | 41.5 ± 8.5 | 43.6 ± 8.4 | 43.6 ± 9.0 | 43.0 ± 9.1 | 42.8 ± 8.5 | 0.439 | 0.049 | 0.626 |
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| Muscle mass, % | 16 | 24.4 ± 3.7 | 24.2 ± 3.9 | 24.5 ± 4.0 | 24.8 ± 3.8 | 16 | 25.7 ± 3.5 | 26.0 ± 4.1 | 26.1 ± 4.3 | 26.1 ± 3.9 | 25.1 ± 3.6 | 25.1 ± 4.1 | 25.3 ± 4.2 | 25.4 ± 3.8 | 0.522 | 0.060 | 0.582 |
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| Waist circumference, cm | 16 | 113.0 ± 12.6 | 112.3 ± 14.5 | 109.1 ± 14.2* | 16 | 112.7 ± 11.4 | 108.6 ± 11.2* | 108.6 ± 10.4* | 112.8 ± 11.8 | 110.5 ± 12.9* | 108.8 ± 12.2* | 0.001 | 0.884 | 0.230 | |||
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| Hip circumference, cm | 16 | 123.7 ± 14.0 | 121.5 ± 16.0 | 121.4 ± 15.8 | 16 | 120.1 ± 9.5 | 117.8 ± 10.2* | 117.0 ± 10.6* | 121.9 ± 11.9 | 119.6 ± 13.4* | 119.2 ± 13.4* | 0.016 | 0.380 | 0.343 | |||
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| WHR | 16 | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | 0.90 ± 0.08 | 16 | 0.94 ± 0.11 | 0.93 ± 0.11 | 0.93 ± 0.10 | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.116 | 0.372 | 0.167 | |||
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| Ppeak, W | 16 | 186.8 ± 52.8 | 193.3 ± 47.1 | 200.1 ± 50.0 | 14 | 168.9 ± 39.3 | 184.9 ± 41.8 | 187.6 ± 48.9* | 178.5 ± 47.1 | 189.4 ± 44.2 | 194.2 ± 49.0* | 0.005 | 0.279 | 0.542 | |||
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| Ppeak, W/kg | 16 | 1.79 ± 0.46 | 1.96 ± 0.54 | 2.01 ± 0.54 | 14 | 1.66 ± 0.43 | 1.87 ± 0.50 | 1.91 ± 0.55* | 1.73 ± 0.44 | 1.92 ± 0.51 | 1.96 ± 0.54* | 0.002 | 0.372 | 0.833 | |||
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| VO2peak, l/min | 16 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 14 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 0.858 | 0.880 | 0.050 | |||
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| VO2peak, ml/min/kg | 16 | 19.3 ± 6.2 | 20.9 ± 6.2 | 19.8 ± 6.8 | 14 | 19.1 ± 5.8 | 18.5 ± 5.3 | 19.7 ± 6.3 | 19.2 ± 5.9 | 19.8 ± 5.8 | 19.8 ± 6.5 | 0.592 | 0.785 | 0.027 | |||
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| HRpeak, b/min | 16 | 154 ± 16 | 161 ± 14 | 161 ± 16 | 15 | 142 ± 19 | 145 ± 17 | 145 ± 21 | 149 ± 18 | 153 ± 17 | 153 ± 20 | 0.163 | 0.485 | 0.849 | |||
IG = Intervention group; CG = control group; Ppeak = peak power output; VO2peak = peak oxygen uptake; HRpeak = peak heart rate.
a
Except for HRpeak, no group differences at the beginning of the study were detected.
*
Indicates differences with respect to pre (post hoc t-test with Bonferroni correction),
#
Indicates differences with respect to 5 weeks (post hoc t-test with Bonferroni correction).
t-Pre: Different by trend with respect to pre (post hoc t-test with Bonferroni correction).
t–5
Different by trend with respect to 5 weeks (post hoc t-test with Bonferroni correction).