Table 3.
Risk of bias assessment of included studies
| Study | Separate gender | Separate ethnic group | Weight-control behavior | BI comorbidities | Other BI relevant factors | Other BI facets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Questionnaire | ||||||
| Baceviciene et al. [37] | yes | Lithuanian | No | no | none | no |
| Fallon et al. [41] | yes | yes | No | no | failure to complete items of demographics or MBSRQ* | overweight preoccupation, fitness & health evaluation (via MBSRQ; [36]) |
| Herbozo et al. [32] | female only | yes (but not in results) | No | no | verbal commentary on physical appearance | shape concern, weight concern (via EDE-Q; [56]) |
| Hrabosky and Grilo [35] | female only | yes (Black, Hispanic) | eating- & weight patterns | depression (via BDI; [57]) | none | shape concern, weight concern (via EDE-Q; [56]); distress with specific body areas (via PASTAS; [58]) |
| Jun and Choi [44] | female only | South-Korean | weight-control behavior | self-rated depression [59] | incomplete or missing answers* | weight esteem, external attribution (via BESAA; [45]) |
| Lipowska and Lipowski [33] | female only | Polish | practicing sports on a professional basis* | anorexia* (via DSM-IV; [60]) | appearance orientation (via MBSRQ; [36]); sexual attractiveness, weight concern, physical condition (via BES; [46]) | |
| McCabe and McGreevy [34] | male only | yes (but not in results) | binge eating behavior; body change strategies to lose weight/to increase muscle size | no | not heterosexual* | body image importance, ideal body internalization, sociocultural influences on body image & body change strategies perception |
| Morotti, et al. [29] | female only | Italian | exercise intensely on a regular basis | neurological*, psychiatric*, disorders*, depression (via BDI; [57]) | not married or in a stable relationship*; childbirth*, pregnancy*; use of psychoactive or recreational substances*; (…) | |
| Streeter et al. [48] | yes | Canadian (Caucasianno only) | no | none | weight esteem, external attribution (via BESAA; [45]) | |
| Watkins et al. [38] | male only | yes (but not in results) | no | no | none | weight/shape concern |
| Silhouette | ||||||
| Benkeser et al. [49] | female only | Ghanaian | No | no | Pregnancy*, time post-partum < 3 months* | perception |
| Cachelin et al. [50] | female only | Mexican American only | No | no | acculturation; pregnancy*, time post-partum < 4 months* | perception |
| Gilbert-Diamond et al. [51] | female only | Colombian | No | no | high income* | perception |
| Santos Silva et al. [52] | yes | Brazilians of different skin colors | No | no | none | perception (data not shown) |
|
| ||||||
| Both measures | ||||||
| Johnstone et al. [31] | no (but test for group effect) | NA | diet; weight loss*; unstable weight (+ 2kg in the previous 3 months)*; exercise regime to change body shape* | no | chronic health complains* | perception |
| Kakeshita and Sousa Almeida [30] | yes | Brazilian | BMI < 18,5 or > 40,0 | no | none | perception |
| Vieira et al. [20] | female only | Portuguese | non-clinical sample: Enrollment in a formal weight loss treatment program*; present attempt to lose weight clinical sample: treatment level* | no | pregnancy*, being (post) menopausal* | investment in BI, preoccupation (both via BSQ; [43]) |
*
Listed as exclusion criteria in original article.
BI = body image, EDE-Q = Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, BDI = Beck Depression Inventory, PASTAS = Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale.