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Toxicity of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on four nematode species at 48 hr after treatment. Mortality rates of (A) Meloidogyne incognita; (B) Heterodera glycines; (C) Pratylenchus coffeae; and (D) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus treated with various concentrations of ALA or water. Each data point is the mean of 12 replications along with its standard error bar.
