Table 1.
Psychometric quality of weight bias questionnaires
| No. | Author (year) | Name of measure | Psychometric Evidence Checklist |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Internal consistency | 2. Test-retest reliability | 3. Theoretical clarity | 4. Content validity | 5. Structural validity | 6. Convergent validity | 7. Discriminant validity | 8. Sensitivity to change | Total | |||
| 1 | Akman et al., 2010 [22] | Obesity Perception Survey (OPS) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | Allison et al., 1991 [23, 24, 25] | Attitudes Toward Obese Persons Scale (ATOP) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| 3 | Allison et al., 1991 [23, 24] | Beliefs About Obese Persons Scale (BAOP) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 4 | Anesbury and Tiggemann, 2000 [26] | Unnamed measure of children's beliefs about controllability of obesity | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| 5 | Bacon et al., 2001 [24, 27] | Fat Phobia Scale – Short Form (F scale) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| 6 | Bagley et al., 1989 [28, 29] | Nursing Management Scale | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 7 | Bagley et al., 1989 [28, 29] | Personality and Lifestyle Scale | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 8 | Berry et al. 2014 [30] | Active Obese Bias Questionnaire | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 9 | Bissell and Hays, 2010 [31] | Anti-Fat Bias scale | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 10 | Brewis et al., 2011 [32] | Unnamed measure of cultural fat stigma | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 11 | Brochu and Esses, 2009 [33] | Unnamed measure of affectively-based (‘hot’) weight prejudice | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 12 | Crandall and Biernat, 1990 [34] | Anti-Fat Attitudes scale (not AFAS) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 13 | Crandall, 1994 [35] | Anti-Fat Attitudes (AFA) Questionnaire | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 14 | Davison and Birch, 2004 [36] | Fat Stereotypes Questionnaire (FSQ) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 15 | Durso and Latner, 2008 [37, 38] | Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 16 | Glenn and Chow, 2002 [39] | Unnamed measure of attitudes toward obese people | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 17 | Greenleaf and Weiller, 2005 [40] | Expectations Questionnaire | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 18 | Greenleaf et al., 2006 [41] | Unnamed modification of the Fat Stereotypes Questionnaire (14) with 14 additional items | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 19 | Harris et al., 1991 [42] | Unnamed adjective rating scales | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 20 | Holub et al., 2011 [43] | Unnamed measure of anti-fat attitudes toward children based on the Anti-Fat Attitudes questionnaire (#13) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 21 | Ip et al., 2013 [44] | Nutrition, Exercise, and Weight Management (NEW) Attitudes Scale | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| 22 | Klaczynski et al., 2004 [45] | Causes of Obesity Scale | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 23 | Klaczynski et al., 2004 [45] | Obesity Stereotypes Scale | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 24 | Kushner et al., 2014 [46] | Unnamed questionnaire to assess attitudes, beliefs, and counseling confidence with overweight or obese patients | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 25 | Latner et al., 2008 [47] | Universal Measure of Bias Fat Scale (UMB-FAT) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 26 | Lewis et al., 1997 [48] | Anti-Fat Attitudes Test (AFAT) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 27 | Lillis et al., 2010 [49] | Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| 28 | Maiman et al., 1979 [50] | Unnamed measure of obesity attitudes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 29 | Morrison and O’Connor, 1999 [51, 52] | Anti-Fat Attitudes Scale (AFAS) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| 30 | Pearl and Lebowitz, 2014 [53] | Measure of social distance adapted from [21] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 31 | Pearl and Puhl, 2014 [54] | Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS-M) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 32 | Peters and Jones, 2010 [55] | Unnamed adapted version of the Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (Whitehead, 1995) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 33 | Pryor et al., 2013 [56] | Unnamed blame scale | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 2 |
| 34 | Puhl et al., 2005 [57, 58] | Obese Person Trait Survey (OPTS) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| 35 | Puhl et al., 2014 [59] | Attitudes Toward Obese Patients questionnaire | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 36 | Puhl et al., 2014 [59] | Perceptions of Treatment Compliance and Success of Obese Patients | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 37 | Robinson et al., 1993 [60, 61] | Fat Phobia Scale | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| 38 | Turner et al., 2012 [62] | Unnamed tripartite measure of attitudes toward overweight persons | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 39 | Vartanian et al., 2013 [63] | Unnamed index of common obesity stereotypes | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 40 | Watson et al., 2008 [64, 65] | Nurses’ Attitudes toward Obesity and Obese Patients (NATOOPS) Scale | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
The scoring rubric for quality assessment was 1 = present (criterion fulfilled), 0 = absent (criterion not fulfilled); – = denotes that it was unclear whether or not the criterion was fulfilled.
*Maximum 8 criteria met.