Table 1.
Study population characteristics
| Study population |
||
|---|---|---|
| n (%) or mean ± SD | WHO z-score | |
| Study center | ||
| Munich | 578 (76.8) | |
| Bad Honnef | 175 (23.2) | |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 400 (53.1) | |
| Female | 353 (46.9) | |
| Gestational age, weeks | 40.0 ± 1.2 | |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 22.5 ± 4.0 | |
| Maternal weight gain during pregnancy, kg/month | 1.5 ± 0.49 | |
| Maternal education | ||
| Low | 75 (10.1) | |
| Medium | 237 (31.8) | |
| High | 434 (58.2) | |
| Maternal smoking during third trimester | ||
| No | 641 (89.3) | |
| Yes | 77 (10.7) | |
| Birth weight, kg | 3.47 ± 0.41 | 0.34 ± 0.82 |
| Early weight gain, kg/month | 0.7 ± 0.13 | −0.22 ± 0.98 |
| BMI 2 years, kg/m2 | 16.1 ± 1.4 | 0.19 ± 1.02 |
| Thin | 14 (2.2) | |
| Normal | 612 (95.9) | |
| Overweight/obese | 12 (1.9) | |
| BMI 15 years, kg/m2 | 20.5 ± 3.1 | 0.03 ± 1.01 |
| Thin | 9 (1.9) | |
| Normal | 376 (81.2) | |
| Overweight/obese | 78 (16.8) | |